Modifying pedestrian behaviour

The paper reports on research using a new type of pedestrian waiting countdown timer to influence pedestrian behaviour at signalised pedestrian crossings in Dublin. The aim was to evaluate the impact of the timers on pedestrian crossing behaviour and in particular to see if it had any impact on the number of illegal crossings (during red man––do not walk signal). The timers inform the pedestrian how many seconds they have to wait until the green man appears. Two surveys were used to evaluate the impact: an attitude survey to evaluate the perception of the users and a video survey to estimate quantitatively the impacts on pedestrian behaviour but also to evaluate the awareness levels of the pedestrians towards the countdown timers. Some of the results include observance of more compliant behaviour by females and that pedestrians tend to overestimate their waiting time. Before the timers were installed 65% of pedestrians started to cross during the green man and amber phases but this rose to 76% after the timers were installed.     

绿闪灯与绿灯倒计时对电动自行车驾驶行为的影响对比

针对过渡信号对驾驶员驾驶行为存在显著影响但缺乏规范化设置的问题,利用图像处理软件获取其驾驶行为特征参数,提出基于电动自行车过街行为的四分类方法。统计分析绿闪灯和绿灯倒计时交叉口信号过渡期间四类到达电动自行车的停车线速度和违章率及违章时间分布等指标,分析结果表明,绿闪灯会导致电动自行车较大的交叉口进入速度,绿灯倒计时会导致电动自行车较高的红灯通过率,因而更容易导致交叉口电动自行车交通事故的发生。     

倒计时信号灯对过街行人的影响分析

在分析倒计时信号灯的类型、各类倒计时信号灯特点的基础上,采用问卷调查方法,分析行人过街对倒计时信号灯的需求、对倒计时信号灯类型的偏好,以及在倒计时信号灯下行人的行为选择。     

船舶设备顺序启动导致多种故障的分析及处理

某5 100 TEU集装箱船在进行重要设备自动顺序启动试验中发生主发电机频率下跌幅度较大,恢复时间较长的故障现象,其间还伴随发生顺序启动后的主滑油泵自动切换到备用泵运行的异常现象.文章对上述故障现象进行详细分析并提出解决方法,期望能对同行在处理类似问题时提供参考.     

长周期倒计时信号控制对排队消散特性的影响

长周期和倒计时是中国相对于发达国家城市道路交叉口信号控制方案的两个独有特征。基于实证数据分析两类信号控制特征对车辆排队消散特性的影响。共观测天津市两处典型的长周期倒计时信号控制交叉口的7条直行车道。实证数据表明,中国城市道路交叉口长周期倒计时信号控制下的排队消散过程大致可分为3个阶段：启动阶段、稳定阶段和上升阶段。通过有序样品聚类的方法确定3个阶段的分割点。这与HCM 2010等经典理论假设的排队消散特性明显不同,因此分析传统通行能力估计算法HCM 2010的适用性,并提出简单线性法、抛物线法和两段线法3种通行能力估计方法以减少传统方法估计中的误差。通过比较发现,抛物线与两段线拟合方法对通行能力的估计较为准确,均方根误差( RMSE )均小于30 pcu·h-1。     

交通灯数字控制系统的电路设计

本文分析了现代交通控制与管理问题的现状,根据城市交通的实际情况,阐述了交通灯数字控制系统的工作原理,给出了一种简单实用的城市交通灯数字控制系统的电路设计方案.     

交叉口绿灯倒计时信号对黄灯时长的影响研究

在分析绿灯倒计时信号对驾驶员驾驶行为的影响以及最佳黄灯时间计算方法的基础上,建立车辆在绿灯末期运动过程的数学模型,确定考虑绿灯倒计时信号的最佳黄灯时间计算方法。计算分析结果表明：车辆加速性能对最佳黄灯时间的影响可以忽略;考虑绿灯倒计时信号的情况下,信号灯的可见距离越长,所需的黄灯时间越长;在信号灯可见距离足够远的情况下,最佳黄灯时长比未考虑绿灯倒计时信号多0.6～0.7 s。建议对于信号灯可见距离较远、流量未饱和,且未安装交通违法检测装置的交叉口,黄灯时间延长一个闪烁周期,并去除黄灯倒计时信号。     

机动车红灯倒计时对交通安全与通行效率的影响研究

通过问卷调查与现场观测的方法对机动车红灯倒计时信号对我国驾驶员的交通心理与驾驶行为进行调查,解析机动车红灯倒计时信号对驾驶员的影响机理。研究结果显示红灯倒计时能有效减少绿灯初期车辆启动损失时间,还能安抚驾驶员等待红灯时的情绪,降低油耗的功能,但红灯倒计时会影响感应信号控制的灵活性,在红灯末期停车线前无停车时可能诱导部分驾驶员超速通过停车线引发重大交通事故的缺陷,因此建议在交通高峰期间宜设置红灯倒计时信号,并且红灯倒计时的时长应尽可能长;在交通低峰期间宜将红灯倒计时关闭或改为红黄灯信号。     

Queue discharge patterns at signalized intersections with green signal countdown device and long cycle length

Two apparent features that prevail at signalized intersections in China are green signal countdown device and long cycle lengths. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of green signal countdown device and long cycle length on queue discharge patterns and to discuss its implications on capacity estimation in the context of China's traffic. At five typical large intersections in Shanghai and Tianjin, 11 through lanes were observed, and 9251 saturation headways were obtained as valid samples. Statistical analyses indicate that the discharge process of queuing vehicles can be divided into three distinct stages according to the discharge flow rate: a start‐up stage, a steady stage, and a rush stage. The average time for queuing vehicles to reach a stationary saturation flow rate, that is, the start‐up stage, was found to be approximately 20–30 seconds; the rush stage usually occurs during the phase transition period. The finding is contrary to the conventional assumption that the discharge rate reaches a maximum value after the fourth vehicle is discharged and then remains constant during the green time until the queue is completely dissolved. The capacity estimation errors that might arise from the conventional methods are discussed through a comparative study and a sensitivity analysis that are based on the identified queue discharge patterns. In addition, a piecewise linear regression method was proposed in order to reduce such errors. The proposed method can be used for capacity estimation at signalized intersections with the identified queue discharge patterns. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绿灯倒计时影响下机动车微观驾驶行为分析与决策建模

机动车在交叉口信号相位切换期间的驾驶行为对于城市道路交通安全至为重要,本文对绿灯倒计时影响下的机动车微观驾驶行为与“通过/停止”决策进行研究.首先,利用驾驶模拟器进行1组单盲实验来提取车辆的接近速度、反应时间、减速度等参数.其次,详细地刻画了车辆进入交叉口范围至行驶至停止线全过程的微观驾驶行为.再次,综合交通因素及驾驶员个体特征等解释变量,建立了随机效应Logistic模型以描述车辆的“通过/停止”决策行为.结果表明：车辆进入交叉口范围后会“先减速,再加速,再减速”,加速通常出现在距停止线30~ 40 m的范围内,且绿灯倒计时与黄灯启亮前期对驾驶员具有催促作用;速度、距离、年龄、性别对车辆的“通过/停止”决策行为具有显著影响;随机效应Logistic模型比Logistic模型更能表征其他未纳入模型的因素及反映不同交叉口与驾驶员的异质性.