Numerical analysis of the dynamic interaction between wheel set and turnout crossing using the explicit finite element method

A three-dimensional (3-D) explicit dynamic finite element (FE) model is developed to simulate the impact of the wheel on the crossing nose. The model consists of a wheel set moving over the turnout crossing. Realistic wheel, wing rail and crossing geometries have been used in the model. Using this model the dynamic responses of the system such as the contact forces between the wheel and the crossing, crossing nose displacements and accelerations, stresses in rail material as well as in sleepers and ballast can be obtained. Detailed analysis of the wheel set and crossing interaction using the local contact stress state in the rail is possible as well, which provides a good basis for prediction of the long-term behaviour of the crossing (fatigue analysis). In order to tune and validate the FE model field measurements conducted on several turnouts in the railway network in the Netherlands are used here. The parametric study including variations of the crossing nose geometries performed here demonstrates the capabilities of the developed model. The results of the validation and parametric study are presented and discussed.     

A survey of wheel–rail contact models for rail vehicles

Accurate and efficient contact models for wheel–rail interaction are essential for the study of the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle. Assessment of the contact forces and moments, as well as contact geometry provide a fundamental foundation for such tasks as design of braking and traction control systems, prediction of wheel and rail wear, and evaluation of ride safety and comfort. This paper discusses the evolution and the current state of the theories for solving the wheel–rail contact problem for rolling stock. The well-known theories for modelling both normal contact (Hertzian and non-Hertzian) and tangential contact (Kalker's linear theory, FASTSIM, CONTACT, Polach's theory, etc.) are reviewed. The paper discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing these models and compares their functionality. The experimental studies for evaluation of contact models are also reviewed. This paper concludes with discussing open areas in contact mechanics that require further research for developing better models to represent the wheel–rail interaction.     

简支体系桥梁的震害及抗震设计对策

通过对近年来国内外几次大地震中简支桥梁震害的调查,对简支桥梁震害进行分类并分析原因,对比中外桥梁抗震规范,阐述中国现行桥梁抗震规范的不足,介绍采用减隔震技术的简支体系桥梁在震害中的表现,对地震区简支桥梁抗震设计提出建议.     

昼夜温度及交通量变化对沥青路面响应及性能的影响

现场沥青路面结构承受的交通量及温度都有随昼夜变化的特性,如果交通量较为集中的时段往往也是地表温度较高的时段,则会对路面结构造成较大的破坏。文章利用试验得到的沥青混合料的动态模量主曲线和时间温度转换因子,结合实测的路面结构温度场对这一问题进行了定量分析。分别分析了沥青混合料的动态模量、路面结构的关键力学响应以及荷载对路面结构的破坏率的昼夜变化特性,并比较了冬天和夏天变化特性的不同;结合不同时间的荷载作用破坏率及实测的交通量小时分布系数进行分析,表明按交通量实际分布情况得到的路面结构使用寿命可以比按传统假设的均匀分布情况小10％以上。在路面结构分析和设计中有必要考虑温度及交通量的昼夜变化特性。     

发动机曲轴轴承损伤原因探析

通过汽车发动机曲轴轴承的损伤形式、损伤原因、载荷状况、润滑条件等的分析,提出减少汽车发动机曲轴轴承的损伤和延长使用寿命的措施。     

基于斜拉索张力测定的斜拉桥健康诊断

应用试验校正的高精度三维有限元模型,对斜拉桥主梁结构损伤位置识别的斜拉索张力指标进行了研究。模拟12种可能的损伤情况,研究了基于斜拉索局部模态基频构造索张力指标的方法,索张力指标对各损伤情况下损伤位置的识别效果和对损伤程度的敏感性。结果表明,用斜拉索局部模态基频所构造的张力指标对不同的损伤程度呈现较好的稳定性和灵敏性,对模拟的12种损伤情况的正确识别率可达75%。该方法的突出优点是只需测量斜拉索局部振动模态的基频,就能获得较好的损伤识别效果,比其他面向损伤检测的测量容易得多。该方法可十分方便地推广应用于悬索桥加劲梁结构的损伤定位,具有较高的实用价值。     

水泥路面板高温隆起的力学机理分析

为了避免或延缓水泥路面板在夏季产生高温隆起现象,从力学机理的角度,探讨了水泥路面板在夏季高温隆起的原因,并举例计算水泥路面板板顶与板底全年最大的应力差及水泥路面板压曲临界应力。结果表明,仅从强度的角度来看,如胀缝设置不当,则旧水泥路面板在夏季都是危险的;如果胀缝功能得不到保证,厚度26 cm左右的水泥路面板,在夏季出现隆起的临界板长约为85 m。因此,建议在南方地区,对于4级及4级以下公路(特别是低造价的农村公路)广泛采用的素混凝土或低配筋混凝土路面,胀缝按80 m间距来设置是适宜的。     

波形钢腹板组合箱梁弹性阶段弯曲理论及模型试验研究

基于波形钢腹板组合箱梁独特的受力特点,建立了系统的弹性阶段受弯分析理论：从弯曲正应变分布的拟平截面假定出发,采用材料力学方法,推导了正应力、剪应力及波形钢腹板承担的剪力占整个截面所受剪力比例的计算公式;运用能量原理推导了挠度的计算公式。分析表明：在完全忽略波形钢腹板弯曲刚度的情况下,其剪应力沿梁高是不变的;波形钢腹板承担的剪力比例一般在80％以上;在设计常用的高跨比下,波形腹板剪切变形引起的挠度不可忽略。在此基础上,进行了1根模型梁的试验研究,理论分析值与试验结果、空间有限元计算值吻合良好,说明本文理论公式可以在设计中应用。     

沥青路面大修结构组合研究

为选择沥青路面大修重建时的路面结构,先根据沥青路面新建结构和大修结构的不同提出大修结构组合设计原则。根据该原则,在总结沥青路面抗开裂、车辙和水损害的结构措施以及国内外的半刚性基层、柔性基层、组合式基层和刚性基层沥青路面等结构的基础上,针对旧沥青路面主要病害已知的特点,分别推荐出抗开裂、车辙和水损害的沥青路面大修结构组合,而且抗水损害的沥青路面大修结构还分别考虑了水分来自于路表和地下等不同的情况。研究成果可以有效避免或推迟大修后的沥青路面出现与旧路面相同的病害,并可为新建沥青路面结构的选择提供借鉴。     

吊杆损伤对钢管混凝土拱桥自振特性影响的分析

以京珠高速公路郑州黄河大桥主桥为研究对象,采用ANSYS有限元程序,建立该下承式钢管混凝土拱桥的空间有限元计算模型,分析不同吊杆损伤对桥梁自振特性的影响,计算结果表明,吊杆损伤对该拱桥的自振频率影响较大,吊杆损伤导致桥梁竖向和扭转自振频率降低.计算结果可为桥梁使用阶段的健康检测和维护提供参考.