双向行车公路隧道射流通风系统优化分析

针对双向行车公路隧道设置回车道、紧急避车带的特点,根据隧道射流通风原理和模拟试验结果,对射流特性、通风效率进行了阐述和分析。提出了射流通风系统优化设计的原则和方法,给出了升压系数,回车道、停车带局部阻力系数等通风参数的计算公式,并对射流风机与回车道、停车带最小间距,射流组的最小控制间距,风机的壁面距,风机中心距,机组洞口距,不同压源共同作用下的射流增压的计算,风机增压与风机组数的关系进行了论述,以保证通风系统的合理布局。     

山区高速公路避险车道的设计及应用

文章针对广西高速公路的建设重点由平原微丘区向山岭重丘区延伸的现状,提出了山区高速公路避险车道的设置方法,对山区公路避险车道的设计提出了见解和意见。     

Evaluation of emergency braking deceleration for accident reconstruction

Tire-road coefficient of friction is often used to estimate stopping distances and other aspects of accident reconstruction. The actual value that must be used in the calculations is often obtained from published data and sometimes measured on-site. While it depends mainly on tires, road surface, ambient conditions and speed, the effective stopping capability of a vehicle is influenced also by other parameters (car, driver, ABS, etc.). This paper presents a methodology that, exploiting data obtained with on-site measurements and/or published by technical press, allows the evaluation of the coefficient of friction and the stopping capability of a car. This is done by means of a computer program, based on a fuzzy logic approach.     

Formulation and interpretation of optimal braking and steering patterns towards autonomous safety-critical manoeuvres

ABSTRACT

Stability control of a vehicle in autonomous safety-critical at-the-limit manoeuvres is analysed from the perspective of lane keeping or lane changing, rather than that of yaw control as in traditional ESC systems. An optimal control formulation is developed, where the optimisation criterion is a linear combination of the initial and final velocity of the manoeuvre. Varying the interpolation parameter in this formulation turns out to result in an interesting family of optimal braking and steering patterns in stabilising manoeuvres. The two different strategies of optimal lane-keeping control and optimal yaw control are shown to be embedded in the formulation and result from the boundary values of the parameter. The results provide new insights and have the potential to be used for future safety systems that adapt the level of braking to the situation at hand, which is demonstrated through examples of how to exploit theresults.     

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中国信号交叉口中,机非干扰现象十分普遍。本文通过实际调查,以无行人影响的左转饱和车流为基础,通过显著分析方法,量化了行人位置（转弯车流内、外侧与距离）、人数对专用左转车流车速的影响,并根据严重程度将影响划分为4个等级,同时拟合了各级影响下排队车辆起步后的速度时间变化曲线。研究结果表明：（1）行人距车流距离是显著影响因素,而行人人数不是;（2）车流两侧同时有行人对饱和车流造成的影响,与其中较严重的单侧行人影响情况相同;（3）排队车辆在加速过程中的速度变化曲线呈“S”型,行人对车流影响越严重,车流加速到饱和流所需时间越长,饱和流车速越低,但不影响速度—时间曲线线型——“S”型。这些结论可为科学的交通管理奠定基础。     

城市道路中人行道采取人非共板的探讨

针对城市道路中人行道采取人非共板所存在的问题,提出了运用范围和从规划到管理的配套措施。同时,为既能更好地解决行车拥堵,又确保人身安全,该文还提出了将道路横向板块按速度分道,其中把中速道作为辅道供公交车、非机动车和各单位道口车辆出入行驶的办法,人行道为慢速道,保持原功能不变。     

Using stop bar detector information to determine turning movement proportions in shared lanes

Turning vehicle volumes at signalized intersections are critical inputs for various transportation studies such as level of service, signal timing, and traffic safety analysis. There are various types of detectors installed at signalized intersections for control and operation. These detectors have the potential of producing volume estimates. However, it is quite a challenge to use such detectors for conducting turning movement counts in shared lanes. The purpose of this paper was to provide three methods to estimate turning movement proportions in shared lanes. These methods are characterized as flow characteristics (FC), volume and queue (VQ) length, and network equilibrium (NE). FC and VQ methods are based on the geometry of an intersection and behavior of drivers. The NE method does not depend on these factors and is purely based on detector counts from the study intersection and the downstream intersection. These methods were tested using regression and genetic programming (GP). It was found that the hourly average error ranged between 4 and 27% using linear regression and 1 to 15% using GP. A general conclusion was that the proposed methods have the potential of being applied to locations where appropriate detectors are installed for obtaining the required data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A low-cost video-based pavement distress screening system for low-volume roads

This study investigates the use of consumer-grade video camera to develop a low-cost pavement distress screening system, with a particular focus on low-volume roads. Due to the oblique view of video data captured in the car front, existing crack detection algorithms that are tailor-made for nadir view cannot be used directly. Instead, we propose and develop a Video-based PAvement Distress Screening (VPADS) system, which includes an automatic data processing workflow by first defining a Region of Interest (RoI) through robust line fitting of the two side lanes. The pavement condition can be assessed within the RoI by implementing a multi-scale ridge detection filter followed by a boundary contour analysis. Since the proposed VPADS system is designed for preliminary screening purpose, each video image scene is examined if there exists any potential crack or distress feature(s). We tested the proposed system on video data collected for two low-volume roads (Highway 624 and 668) in Northern Ontario region, Canada. The overall accuracy of detecting crack and distress features yielded 80%. Instead of replacing traditional field inspection or high-end multi-sensor pavement evaluation system, the proposed VPADS system aims to provide a computer-aided screening solution for transportation authorities of a vast rural road/highway network and with limited inspection budget. The scope of the work can be further expanded by developing a crowdsensing inspection network built by any regular road user, who can also act as a data provider for the regional/municipal pavement distress screening system.     

面向车道变换的路径规划及模型预测轨迹跟踪

为解决智能车辆在车道变换过程中的路径规划和路径跟踪问题,首先,利用梯形加速度法设计了车道变换虚拟理想轨迹,该路径规划方法的适应性取决于车道变换时间、横向加速度及变化率等关键变量的约束条件,因而对各关键变量之间的数学关系进行了定量计算,并绘制了不同工况下的车道变换虚拟理想轨迹,用于分析各关键变量对路径规划的影响;其次,建立了线性离散的车辆动力学预测模型,综合分析了车辆模型的控制输入、状态变量以及道路结构参数等约束条件,构建了多约束模型预测控制（MMPC）系统用于车道变换路径跟踪,并基于Hildreth二次规划算法对其目标函数进行了求解,获得前轮转向角控制量,从而保证智能车辆在车道变换过程中的路径跟踪性能及操纵稳定性能;最后,利用MATLAB和Carsim软件对提出的多约束模型预测控制系统进行联合仿真,并构建单约束模型预测控制（SMPC）系统与其进行性能比较,分别对车道变换时间为3 s和6 s时的车道变换性能进行比较分析。结果表明：当车道变换时间为6 s时,2种控制系统都能较好地实现车道变换功能;当车道变换时间为3 s时,与SMPC控制系统相比较,MMPC控制系统能够在有效跟踪期望行驶路径的同时改善车辆的操纵稳定性,从而提高车辆在路径跟踪过程中的主动安全性能。     

弯曲路径识别中感兴趣区设定方法的研究

在路径识别中设置搜索感兴趣区以提高弯曲道路边界的识别实时性。用抛物线模型拟合弯曲道路边界,根据道路边界位置不会发生突变的特性,在识别出的道路抛物线模型上选取有代表性的3个点,针对每个点建立预测模型,应用Kalman滤波理论准确预测道路边界的位置,并据此设置搜索感兴趣区。依照合理的目标函数,在感兴趣区范围内搜索并确定抛物线参数,从而将搜索范围较为准确地限定在较小区域,能够有效提高识别的实时性。试验验证该方法在大大提高识别实时性的同时,增强了识别的精确性和鲁棒性。