工程管理活动中建构、解构与需求的创新理念

提出近程有序和创新思维的理念,其中创新思维的三元结构包括建构、解构和需求思维三部分。所谓建构,即指目标的实现;所谓解构,即指在目标实现过程中,某个具体环节的发展、演化为新的目标项;所谓需求,包括现实需求、潜在需求和构建需求。将这一理念应用于工程管理的活动中,以达到指导实践的目的。     

Reserve capacity model based on variable demand for land-use development control

In this paper, the concept of reserve capacity has been extended to zone level to measure the land-use development potentiality of each trip generation zone. Bi-level programing models are proposed to determine the signal setting of individual intersections for maximizing possible increase in total travel demand and the corresponding reserve capacity for each zone. The change of the origin–destination pattern with the variation of upper level decision variables is presented through the combined distribution/assignment model under user equilibrium conditions. Both singly constrained and doubly constrained combined models are considered for different trip purposes and data information. Furthermore, we have introduced the continuous network design problem by increasing road capacity and examined its effect on the land-use development potentiality of trip generation zone. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the application of the models and how a genetic algorithm is applied to solve the problem.     

Investigating the irregularity of bus routes: highlighting how underlying assumptions of bus models impact the regularity results

A bus route is inherently unstable: when the system is uncontrolled, buses fail to maintain their time‐headways and tend to bunch. Several mathematical bus motion models were proposed to reproduce the bus behavior and assess management strategies. However, no work has established how the choice of a model impacts the irregularity of modeled bus systems, that is, the non‐respect of scheduled headways. Because of this gap, a large body of existing works assumes that the ability of these models to reproduce instability comes only from stochasticity, although the link between stochastic inputs and the level of irregularity remains unknown. Moreover, some recognized phenomena such as a change of travel conditions during a day or delays at signalized intersections are ignored. To address these shortcomings, this paper provides an overview of existing dynamic bus‐focused models and proposes a simple way to classify them. Commonly used deterministic and stochastic models are compared, which allows quantifying the relative influence of stochasticity of each model component on outputs. Moreover, we show that a change in the system equilibrium in a full deterministic system can lead to irregularity. Finally, this paper proposes a refinement of travel time models to account for non‐dynamic signals. In presence of traffic signals, we show that a bus system can be self‐regulated. Especially, these insights could help to calibrate bus model inputs to better reproduce real data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural equation modeling for national travel demand: an examination of the relationships between communication modes

This paper examines the relationships among different transportation modes, and between transportation and telecommunications, by applying the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. For this purpose, we collected and compiled time series data on national travel demand, and socioeconomic and telecommunications conditions in Taiwan, and built national travel demand models using SEM. The estimation results show that the relationship between telecommunications and transportation demand (either car ownership or public transportation) is more complementary than substitutional. Moreover, car ownership is a type of inelastic necessity good, and its relationship with public transportation is more substitutional than complementary. Finally, among the three public transportation modes – rail, bus and domestic air – it is found that air is weakest in terms of competitive power. From the viewpoint of long-term forecasting trends, the bus holds its competitive power in comparison with other public transportation modes and would not be replaced in the future.     

A revised branch‐and‐price algorithm for dial‐a‐ride problems with the consideration of time‐dependent travel cost

Developing demand responsive transit systems are important with regard to meeting the travel needs for elderly people. Although Dial‐a‐ride Problems (DARP) have been discussed for several decades, most researchers have worked to develop algorithms with low computational cost under the minimal total travel costs, and fewer studies have considered how changes in travel time might affect the vehicle routes and service sequences. Ignoring such variations in travel time when design vehicle routes and schedules might lead to the production of inefficient vehicle routes, as well as incorrect actual vehicle arrival times at the related nodes. The purpose of this paper is to construct a DARP formulation with consideration of time‐dependent travel times and utilizes the traffic simulation software, DynaTAIWAN, to simulate the real traffic conditions in order to obtain the time‐dependent travel time matrices. The branch‐and‐price approach is introduced for the time‐dependent DARP and tested by examining the sub‐network of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The numerical results reveal that the length of the time window can significantly affect the vehicle routes and quantitative measurements. As the length of the time window increases, the objective value and the number of vehicles will reduce significantly. However, the CPU time, the average pickup delay time, the average delivery delay time and the average actual ride time (ART)/direct ride time (DRT) will increase significantly as the length of the time window increases. Designing the vehicle routes to reduce operating costs and satisfy the requirements of customers is a difficult task, and a trade‐off must be made between these goals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

客车电气系统的设计原则和安装要求

电子技术在客车上的应用越来越普及;客车的经济性、动力性和安全性使电气设计复杂化。本文从实践出发,探讨电气系统设计的原则和安装要求。     

轻骨料混凝土桥梁地震易损性分析

为提高强震区桥梁的抗震性能,采用轻骨料混凝土替代普通混凝土以降低结构自重、提高墩柱变形能力,从而降低地震响应。以一座强震区典型中小跨径连续梁桥为研究对象,基于OpenSees建立轻骨料混凝土桥梁有限元分析模型,进行非线性时程分析,生成地震易损性曲线来评估桥梁的抗震性能。研究结果表明:与普通混凝土桥梁相比,仅上部结构或下部结构采用轻骨料混凝土对降低桥梁整体的损伤概率并不明显,而全桥均采用轻骨料混凝土的桥梁能够显著降低桥墩、桩基和支座的损伤概率以及桥梁整体的损伤概率。建议在强震区进行桥梁建设时,全桥均采用轻骨料混凝土来替代普通混凝土以提高桥梁抗震性能。     

基于IPSO-Capsule-NN模型的中欧班列出口需求量预测

为提高中欧班列出口需求量的预测精度,提出将改进粒子群算法(IPSO)与胶囊神经网络(Capsule-NN)相结合的预测模型(IPSO-Capsule-NN)。与全连接神经网络不同,胶囊神经网络通过动态路由算法增强了模型的拟合能力和泛化能力。利用改进粒子群算法优化胶囊神经网络的神经元数量、迭代次数以及学习率,以克服人为设定模型参数随机性较大导致模型精确度不高的不足之处。此外,针对标准粒子群算法存在的缺点,提出一种非线性递减惯性权重并引入Levy飞行对粒子群算法的全局寻优能力和收敛速度进行优化。将采用spearman秩相关性分析得到的11个因素作为中欧班列出口需求量的影响因素并对其进行预测,结果表明:胶囊神经网络具有2层隐含层时,IPSO-Capsule-NN模型预测精度更高。     

基于任务需求的产品备件需求量研究

针对产品服役期间长期处于贮存状态的特点,研究产品贮存期内的故障规律,建立了基于任务需求的产品故障模型和产品备件需求量模型,为产品备件方案的优化奠定了基础。并通过实例进行验证,说明这种备件需求量确定方法的可行性。     

Residential location,vehicle ownership and travel in Asia: a comparative analysis of Kei-Han-Shin and Kuala Lumpur metropolitan areas

The study examines the relationships between residential location, vehicle ownership and mobility in two metropolitan areas of Asia, Kei-Han-Shin area of Japan and Kuala Lumpur area of Malaysia. It shows that, behind apparent similarities of household auto ownership and travel time expenditure per household member, there are many causal relationships that are distinct between the areas. The similarities and differences between the two areas point to the conjecture that the evolution of a metropolitan area may be unique and path dependent, being heavily influenced by the history and culture of the locale, spatial and geographical constraints, and historical progression in infrastructure development.