公路黄土洞穴灾害与水土流失研究

通过野外调查对公路黄土洞穴水土流失机理进行研究．结果表明：路堑边坡洞穴侵蚀的主要原因是由于地形因素的改变;路基、路面洞穴侵蚀的主要原因是其特殊的汇水作用;路基边坡洞穴侵蚀的主要原因是施工过程中产生的大量填土或弃土的特殊土性所致。黄土高原公路黄土洞穴分布规律表明,洞穴侵蚀程度由西北向东南逐渐减轻。     

Catching the tail: Empirical identification of the distribution of the value of travel time

Recent methodological advances in discrete choice analysis in combination with certain stated choice experiments have allowed researchers to check empirically the identification of the distribution of latent variables such as the value of travel time (VTT). Lack of identification is likely to be common and the consequences are severe. E.g., the Danish value of time study found the 15% right tail of the VTT distribution to be unidentified, making it impossible to estimate the mean VTT without resorting to strong assumptions with equally strong impact on the resulting estimate. This paper analyses data generated from a similar choice experiment undertaken in Sweden during 2007-2008 in which the range of trade-off values between time and money was significantly increased relative to the Danish experiment. The results show that this change allowed empirical identification of effectively the entire VTT distribution. In addition to informing the design of future choice experiments, the results are also of interest as a validity test of the stated choice methodology. Failure in identifying the right tail of the VTT would have made it difficult to maintain that respondents’ behaviour is consistent with utility maximisation in the sense intended by the experimenter.     

Modeling traffic crash rates of road segments through a lognormal hurdle framework with flexible scale parameter

This study examines distributional characteristics of crash rates for road segments using observed accident data. The results indicate that the distribution of crash rates is mixed and right‐skewed, which motivates the consideration of non‐normal distributions. With the aid of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, kernel density plots, and Q–Q plots, the lognormal distribution is verified as an appropriate candidate for representing the positive domain of crash rates. Then, a lognormal hurdle model was developed and also compared with gamma and Weibull hurdle models. Further, the lognormal hurdle model was revised by allowing the scale parameter to vary with respect to explanatory variables. Such a modification enables the heterogeneous skewness of samples to be captured while enhancing the modeling flexibility. The proposed model was also compared with a Tobit model, an alternative approach that treats crash rates as censored data. Among all these models, the proposed lognormal hurdle model with flexible scale parameter presents the best modeling performance, and the analyses also reveal that several explanatory variables affect crash rates through not only the location parameter but also the scale parameter in the lognormal model. This study finally attempted to inspect crash rates through count models, and it discovered that the proposed hurdle model is superior because it is able to output the whole distribution form of crash rates, whereas the crash count model can only provide the expected value of crash rates, provided the exposure variable servers as an offset term in the link function of the mean parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of Wiedemann and Fritzsche car-following models for emission estimation

Recent studies have provided that the vehicle trajectories generated by car-following models may not represent the real driving characteristics, thus leading to significant emission estimation errors. In this paper, two of the most widely used car-following models, Wiedemann and Fritzsche models, were selected and analyzed based on the massive field car-following trajectories in Beijing. A numerical simulation method was designed to generate the following car’s trajectories by using the field trajectories as the input. By comparing the simulated and the filed data, the representativeness of the simulated regime fractions and VSP distributions were evaluated. Then, the mechanism of car-following models was investigated from the aspects of regime determination and the acceleration rule in each regime. Further, the regime threshold parameters and acceleration model were optimized for emission estimations. This study found that the “Following” regime threshold of SDX and the maximum acceleration in “Free Driving” regime are critical parameters for Wiedemann model. The differences between the Wiedemann simulated VSP distribution and the field one can be reduced separately by applying the optimized SDX and maximum acceleration model individually. However, a much sharper reduction was observed by optimizing both parameters simultaneously, and the emission estimation errors were further reduced, which were less than 4% in the case studies. Fritzsche model generated more realistic VSP distributions and emissions, while the maximum accelerations could be further optimized for high speed conditions.     

Influence of Light Distribution and Installation Style of Luminaires on Power Consumption and Lighting Effect of Tunnel Lighting北大核心CSCD

Light distribution (LD) and installation style of luminaires affect the utilization factor (UF) of luminaires, and the UF affects the luminaire power and road pavement illuminance and further the power consumption of illu- minating system and the luminous effect of road pavement. An UF model of tunnel lighting was established based on the luminaire LD data and installation parameters, in which four LD styles were adopted. For each LD the parame- ters optimization and simulation were conducted regarding four installation styles, e.g. central style, offset-of-vault style, symmetric style and staggered style. The energy-saving and the lighting effects of each LD and luminaire in- stallation style at the tunnel middle zone were studied. The results show that symmetric luminaire installation is the most energy-saving style and has the best lighting effect than the other three luminaire installation styles; the lighting effect of central luminaire installation is the second best; staggered luminaire installation is the most energy-intensive style and has the worst lighting effect except for some special-shaped LD; waterdrop-shaped LD is the most suitable one along transverse direction of tunnel and applicable to the central, offset-of-vault and symmetric luminaire instal- lation styles; symmetric butterfly-shaped LD is the most suitable one along longitudinal direction of tunnel and appli- cable to the central, offset-of-vault, staggered and symmetric luminaire installation styles; with waterdrop-shaped LD along transverse direction and symmetric butterfly-shaped LD along longitudinal direction, they are suitable for the above four luminaire installation styles, and have better energy-saving and lighting effect; as for the LD with symmetric and oblique curve, it’s better for the profile of oblique luminaire distribution to be comply with that along tunnel transverse direction, and it is suitable for the symmetric and offset-of-vault luminaire installation styles. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

AERMOD for near-road pollutant dispersion: Evaluation of model performance with different emission source representations and low wind options

The performance of the regulatory dispersion model AERMOD in simulating vehicle-emitted pollutant concentrations near-roadway using area or volume source representation of emissions and with different low wind options was assessed using the SF₆ tracer data from the General Motors (GM) Sulfur Dispersion Experiment. At downwind receptor locations, AERMOD, using either area or volume source emissions, can reasonably predict the tracer concentrations near the surface (0.5 m) but the model performance decreases at higher elevations (3.5m and 9.5m above the surface). For upwind receptors, using an area source representation leads to significant under-predictions due to AERMOD’s lack of treatment of lateral plume meander, but using volume source representation leads to over-predictions of upwind concentrations regardless of the low wind options for plume meander. Among the three low wind options currently available in AERMOD, best model performance is obtained with low wind option 3, which treats plume meander with a higher minimal standard deviation of the horizontal crosswind component (σ_v,min = 0.3 m s⁻¹), eliminates upwind component of dispersion and uses an effective lateral dispersion parameter (σ_y) to replicate centerline concentration. The optional adjustment of the surface friction velocity in the meteorological preprocessor AERMET does not lead to obvious improvements in predicted near-road concentrations for this application.     

Telecommuting Suitability Modeling: An Approach Based on the Concept of Abstract job

A new approach to modeling telecommuting suitability is proposed in this paper. The approach, based on the concept of abstract job, can be employed to assess the level of suitability for telecommuting of the bundle of tasks comprising a job. By abstract job is meant a way of considering jobs on the basis of their elements and tasks, representing the general structure of the job. In this study, the basic tasks a job is composed of, pertaining to telecommuting suitability, are identified. To show the applicability of the approach, discrete choice models are calibrated, based on a sample of 245 employees in Tehran, Iran, indicating that from among the 6 tasks identified, 5 tasks are significantly associated with the level of telecommuting suitability.     

断级滑行艇水动力特性的初步计算研究

利用数值手段对二维断级滑行艇模型的绕流场进行模拟,并针对不同攻角及断级高度的模型进行对比计算。不同模型的计算结果具有明显差异性,能较好表现出模型参数的变化对模型水动力特性的影响。分析断级的作用机理,并论述断级后脱体涡的强度和范围以及模型参数不同而引起的滑行面压力分布的差异。     

柴油机配气机构运动两种视觉仿真方法的比较

柴油机凸轮配气机构的凸轮型线比较复杂,其与运动的挺柱是视觉仿真开发的难点。在开发虚拟维修模块过程中,提出了两种实现配气机构运动学仿真的方法：一是进行理论计算,得到凸轮机构实时位置,然后依此实现视觉仿真,但此种方法占用系统资源较大,运行费时;二是以视觉仿真中碰撞检测技术作为开发手段,实现挺柱与凸轮之间相互作用的表现方法,找出碰撞检测技术的关键点,并且解决了应用这种方法时挺柱等机构出现的抖动问题。最后对两种方法进行了比较,指出后一方法较容易实现。