柴油发电机组断路器在低压配电系统中的保护配合

通过对柴油发电机组在低压配电系统使用时可能出现的故障进行分析,讨论了在故障状态下,如何选择低压保护电器以及各种接地型式对民用建筑场所的适用性.     

倒装型沥青路面温度场时空分布规律分析

倒装型基层是福建省常用的沥青路面结构型式,其沥青层厚度达26cm。而沥青材料性质对温度敏感,进行温度场分析很有必要。通过有限元仿真分析,对福建省夏季高温时典型日照下倒装沥青路面结构内的温度场进行计算,得到内部各层温度的时空分布,并经过经验公式和相关资料的实际监测验证。结果表明,有限元分析可以作为沥青路面结构设计和沥青材料选择时计算路面温度的快捷可靠的方法。     

北京某地铁站台空气颗粒物的数量浓度和质量浓度以及粒径分布和元素组成

为了解地铁站台空气颗粒物的污染状况,对北京某地铁站台空气颗粒物的数量浓度和质量浓度,以及粒径分布情况进行了1 d的实地监测,同时采集了站台内外的总悬浮颗粒物样品,研究了颗粒物元素组成特征。结果表明,监测粒径为0.0060~9.8900μm范围内,地铁站台空气中颗粒物总数量浓度与粒径为0.0060~0.0170μm的颗粒息息相关,总质量浓度主要取决于粒径为0.6120~6.6700μm的颗粒;早晚乘车高峰时段内站台空气中颗粒物的数量浓度和质量浓度都显著增大,晚高峰时段颗粒物质量浓度高于早高峰时段;监测期间,PM 2.39(粒径为0.0060~2.3900μm颗粒)和PM 9.89(粒径为0.0060~9.8900μm颗粒)平均质量浓度超过了环境空气中PM 2.5和PM 10的标准限值。站台空气颗粒物中Fe含量最高,Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Mo的含量显著高于站外。     

含气率对多相混输泵内气液两相分布规律的影响

为了探究含气率对多相混输泵内气液两相分布规律的影响，本文基于标准的k-ε湍流模型和时均N-S方程，对不同含气率下混输泵内的流态进行数值计算，分析了混输泵内不同位置处的气液两相分布规律。结果表明：不同压缩级动叶轮进口截面到出口截面的气相体积分数从轮毂至轮缘逐渐变小，同时叶轮靠近轮毂处、轮毂至轮缘中间位置处以及轮缘处的最大气体体积分数位置将随着含气率的增加而增加。另外在离心力的作用下混输泵动叶轮内越靠近轮缘液相越集中，越靠近轮毂气相越集中。此研究结果为提高多相混输泵的混输性能和运行效率提供了参考。     

Optimization of Wiedemann and Fritzsche car-following models for emission estimation

Recent studies have provided that the vehicle trajectories generated by car-following models may not represent the real driving characteristics, thus leading to significant emission estimation errors. In this paper, two of the most widely used car-following models, Wiedemann and Fritzsche models, were selected and analyzed based on the massive field car-following trajectories in Beijing. A numerical simulation method was designed to generate the following car’s trajectories by using the field trajectories as the input. By comparing the simulated and the filed data, the representativeness of the simulated regime fractions and VSP distributions were evaluated. Then, the mechanism of car-following models was investigated from the aspects of regime determination and the acceleration rule in each regime. Further, the regime threshold parameters and acceleration model were optimized for emission estimations. This study found that the “Following” regime threshold of SDX and the maximum acceleration in “Free Driving” regime are critical parameters for Wiedemann model. The differences between the Wiedemann simulated VSP distribution and the field one can be reduced separately by applying the optimized SDX and maximum acceleration model individually. However, a much sharper reduction was observed by optimizing both parameters simultaneously, and the emission estimation errors were further reduced, which were less than 4% in the case studies. Fritzsche model generated more realistic VSP distributions and emissions, while the maximum accelerations could be further optimized for high speed conditions.     

Carbon dioxide emissions from port container distribution: Spatial characteristics and driving factors

Port carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in China have become an ever-increasing public concern due to their significant impacts on human health and the environment. However, existing studies focus mainly on CO₂ emissions from vessels calling at the ports and cargo handling within the ports, paying little attention to the inland distribution networks. To fill this gap, this paper proposes an easily implemented method for calculating CO₂ emissions from port container distribution (PCD) and investigates their spatial characteristics and driving factors. By analyzing 30 container ports in China, the main findings are as follows. First, road transportation is the major contributor of CO₂ emissions from PCD due to the lack of rail and inland water transportation. Second, PCD carbon emissions exhibit significant local spatial clustering. That is, ports with similar geographical locations tend to present a similar pattern of PCD carbon emissions. Third, as suggested by the spatial Durbin model, PCD carbon emissions are negatively determined by local gross domestic product, number of port berths, but are positively determined by local tertiary industry value and highway freight volume, and waterway freight volume in both local and neighboring ports. These results provide empirical insights into cross-port collaboration in reducing PCD carbon emissions.     

Urban road traffic noise spatiotemporal distribution mapping using multisource data

Many residents are disturbed by road traffic noise which needs to be controlled and managed. The noise map is a helpful and important tool for noise management and acoustical planning in urban areas. However, the static noise map is not sufficient for evaluating noise annoyance at different temporal periods. It is necessary to develop the dynamic noise map or the noise spatiotemporal distribution. In this study, a method about urban road traffic noise spatiotemporal distribution mapping is proposed to obtain the representative road traffic noise maps of different periods. This method relies on the proposed noise spatiotemporal distribution model with two time-dependent variables - traffic density and traffic speed, and the spatiotemporal characteristics derived from multisource data. There are three steps in the method. First, the urban road traffic noise spatiotemporal distribution model is derived from the law of sound propagation. Then, the temporal characteristics are extracted from traffic flow detecting data and E-map road segment speed data by the outlier detection analysis. Finally, the noise distributions corresponding to different periods are calculated by an efficient algorithm which can save 90% above of the computing time. Moreover, a validation experiment was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method. There is only 2.26-dB[A] mean absolute error that is within an acceptable range, which shows that the method is effective.     

AERMOD for near-road pollutant dispersion: Evaluation of model performance with different emission source representations and low wind options

The performance of the regulatory dispersion model AERMOD in simulating vehicle-emitted pollutant concentrations near-roadway using area or volume source representation of emissions and with different low wind options was assessed using the SF₆ tracer data from the General Motors (GM) Sulfur Dispersion Experiment. At downwind receptor locations, AERMOD, using either area or volume source emissions, can reasonably predict the tracer concentrations near the surface (0.5 m) but the model performance decreases at higher elevations (3.5m and 9.5m above the surface). For upwind receptors, using an area source representation leads to significant under-predictions due to AERMOD’s lack of treatment of lateral plume meander, but using volume source representation leads to over-predictions of upwind concentrations regardless of the low wind options for plume meander. Among the three low wind options currently available in AERMOD, best model performance is obtained with low wind option 3, which treats plume meander with a higher minimal standard deviation of the horizontal crosswind component (σ_v,min = 0.3 m s⁻¹), eliminates upwind component of dispersion and uses an effective lateral dispersion parameter (σ_y) to replicate centerline concentration. The optional adjustment of the surface friction velocity in the meteorological preprocessor AERMET does not lead to obvious improvements in predicted near-road concentrations for this application.     

动车组运用维修间隔优化方法的研究

介绍现阶段航空、轨道交通领域维修间隔研究的主要方法,结合动车组维修的特点,以动车组运用维修时间间隔为优化目标,针对现行"计划预防修"体制下的"过剩维修"和"维修不足"并存的现象,基于动车组运用修故障数据,采用生存分析与可靠性理论来确定部件合理的维修间隔。关键步骤主要涵盖部件可靠度曲线的威布尔分布的拟合、利用最大似然法对两参数威布尔分布的参数进行估计以及对拟合出的可靠度函数利用条件概率确定维修间隔。并以CRH380B(L)型动车组轮对空心车轴为例,对文中介绍的方法进行验证。结果表明:对于状态不会因维修活动改变的动车组部件,其维修间隔可根据部件的可靠性确定,基于故障数据的理论计算结果与动车组维修实际吻合度较高,可为动车组维修项目周期的优化提供参考。     

Three-dimensional equivalent static analysis for design of submerged floating tunnel

Stress evaluation of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is an issue important for determining the section dimensions required to resist environmental loads. However, the complex interaction between an SFT and surrounding fluid has confined most research on SFTs to longitudinal global time-history analyses based on Morison's equation [1]. Even though these analyses give sufficient information in the longitudinal direction, too little information about the circumferential direction compels an SFT section to be designed conservatively. This means that SFT design requires additional information on the structural behavior of the tunnel in the circumferential direction for efficient design. Accordingly, a supplementary approach by which to obtain structural responses in the circumferential direction is introduced in this paper. Upon consideration of the static responses equivalent to the dynamic behavior, three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element analyses of an SFT were performed by application of static loads corresponding to dynamic loads equivalent to those of wave, current and earthquake. The validation of each equivalent static load was supported by the results from comparison of the tension forces in mooring lines obtained using OrcaFlex [2] and ABAQUS [3]. These were used mainly for longitudinal dynamic analysis and 3-D stress evaluation, respectively, of an SFT. Based on the stresses obtained in the longitudinal and circumferential directions, the selection of suitable section dimensions for an SFT is considered.