中央电气接线盒的通用性设计

中央电气接线盒作为汽车整车电源分配及信号传输的中枢单元,由于跟整车各用电器都相关,一般很难做到通用性设计。本文通过分析整车电源分配,总结出一般规律,设计出一种通用化的中央电气接线盒。     

广州市地面塌陷特征与防治对策初步研究

广州市地面塌陷频繁发生,近20年来呈波浪式上升趋势,分析和探讨地面塌陷形成类型、分布特征、诱发因素,并提出预防地面塌陷的措施与对策。     

不同土性下L型挡土墙土压力研究

运用有限元法对L型挡土墙在不同土性的填土情况下分层逐级填筑进行了模拟,重点分析了填料强度对土压力的影响、挡墙基底应力分布情况和材料刚度对墙体受力的影响规律,结果表明:当砂性填土φ＞30°,墙背水平侧压力将趋于相等; 粘性填土c＞20 kPa时,墙背水平侧压力不再受φ值影响而趋于相等;无论是砂土还是粘土,当填土材料强度达到一定程度时,其挡墙外部检算安全系数将在一个稳定值附近波动,墙背土体未达到极限平衡状态;挡墙基底应力分布呈“马鞍形”,基底平均应力［σ］＜140 kPa;地基刚度对土压力影响比填料小。     

地铁不同场段分布对其规模分配和运营成本的影响

城市轨道交通的车辆段和停车场需要占用大量的城市土地,合理分配场段规模可以优化占地面积,提高运营效率。基于一场一段情况下,总结出不同接轨方案的场段规模分配计算方法,提出场段分布位置在线路中接近对称时,场段规模大致相等的研究结论。同时,提出地铁收发车空跑距离计算模型,并对不同场段分布对运营成本的影响因素进行分析,提出降低运营期间场段收发车空跑运营成本的途径。     

共享停车泊位的分配-定价-收益分配机制

为科学管理共享停车资源,构建一种共享停车泊位的分配-定价-收益分配机制。首先,以存在多个地块的区域为对象,根据出行者对不同地块及停车时间模式的选择偏好构建停车许可证的最优分配-定价模型,其中,最优分配模型为组合拍卖竞胜标确定问题(NP困难问题)。其次,利用Benders分解原理、对偶理论及新型升价拍卖代理系统构建调优法对停车许可证进行拍卖。最后,为调动共享泊位提供者的积极性,利用沙普利值法构建基于对社会福利贡献程度的停车收益分配模型。由理论分析及数值试验可知,运用上述机制可精确实现社会福利最优状态,最小竞争均衡价格与公平的收益分配。结果表明:①相较VCG机制与Leonard机制,调优法不仅可精确求解停车许可证的最优分配-定价,而且在算法最坏时间复杂度方面拥有更高效率;②在调优法的每个步骤中,即使停车许可证的分配并非最优,通过机制所实现的收费定价依然具有防止策略性操作的重要性质;③调优法可在较少的步骤之内实现较高的社会福利;④新型升价拍卖代理系统拥有多项式型的最坏时间复杂度;⑤通过最优分配-定价机制可获得每位出行者的选择偏好,进而可计算不同泊位提供者组合条件下的社会福利,实现沙普利值法在现实应用中的可计算性。     

Characteristics of operating mode distributions of light duty vehicles by road type,average speed,and driver type for estimating on-road emissions: Case study of Beijing

Abstract

Researchers have collected extensive vehicle activity data in Beijing using GPS and attempted to develop a comprehensive database of facility- and speed-specific operating mode (OpMode) distributions of various vehicle types for estimating on-road vehicle emissions. This study developed the specific OpMode distributions of light duty vehicles (LDVs) for both restricted access and unrestricted access road types at various average speeds for characteristic analysis. (1) Strong patterns are found in the variations in OpMode distributions with the increase in the average speed: the time fraction of Decelerating/Braking remains less than 7%. The fraction of Idling decreases dramatically from 95% to 0%, while the fraction of Cruising/Accelerating increases from 2% to 94%. The fraction of Coasting increases to 28% and then decreases. (2) The time fractions for restricted access and unrestricted access are significantly different at the same average speeds, especially in Operating Modes #0, #1, #11, #12, #13, #14, #21, and #22, possibly causing an error of 20% in the emissions estimations. (3) Taxis show different OpMode distributions than those for private cars in the operating modes of Decelerating/Braking, Idling, and high-VSP modes, especially at low average speeds. The differences are derived from the more skillful driving behaviors of taxi drivers and may cause an estimation error of over 10%. Thus, the activities of taxis and private cars should be modeled separately for on-road emissions estimations.     

大型通航渡槽框架式挡水墙断缝设置研究

大型通航渡槽两侧框架式挡水墙尺寸较大,为避免其全部参与主梁整体受力而导致内力过大或过于复杂,需对它纵向设置断缝。本文针对32 m简支T梁挡水墙提出了3种断缝设置方案,采用空间梁元、空间板元、质量单元及连接单元等对渡槽结构和边界进行精细模拟,建立渡槽结构空间有限元仿真模型,计算不同方案下渡槽结构分别在施工阶段、运营阶段的空间受力情况。计算结果表明:设置断缝的挡水墙将部分参与T梁整体结构受力,且不同设置方法对各片T梁荷载横向分配和纵向受力亦有较大影响;综合考虑结构受力与止水等影响,挡水墙在每跨1/3跨度处对称设置2条断缝是合适的。     

基于模型修正的公路简支板梁桥荷载横向分布系数计算方法

为了使得理论计算的桥梁荷载横向分布系数与试验结果更加吻合，并且降低静载试验成本，在铰接板法基础上，提出一种基于模型修正技术的公路简支板梁桥荷载横向分布系数简化分析方法。该方法建立了一种可以考虑板间接缝剪切变形的简化分析模型，并推导了相应的静力和动力方程。针对简化模型的结构特点，提出了以待测桥梁动力试验测得的自振频率和桥梁跨中振型构造目标函数，以竖向弹簧刚度k、扭转弹簧刚度Ψ以及剪切弹簧刚度k_q为待识别参数的模型修正方法。通过提出的模型修正方法，得到实际状态下桥梁的主要参数，以简化模型的荷载横向分布系数影响线为基础，可计算各板梁的横向分布系数；验证了不考虑板梁间接缝剪切变形时，基于简化模型的横向分布系数分析结果与铰接板梁法相同，从而证明了所提简化模型和分析方法的可靠性。最后以一座桥梁为对象，进行了动力测试，识别了简化模型的物理参数。模型修正之后的模态频率和实测值吻合良好，同时振型之间的MAC（模态保证准则）系数也接近于1，从而表明利用所提的模型修正方法可以有效识别简化模型的物理参数，使理论模型和实际桥梁吻合。     

Spatio-temporal variations in deep-sea demersal communities off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The spatial and temporal variations of deep-sea megafaunal assemblages from the western Mediterranean are analysed in the present paper. The assemblages from two locations of the Balearic Islands situated 120 km apart were compared using data collected seasonally on a bathymetric stratum covering the 150–750 m depth range during six bottom-trawl surveys. The assemblage structure, in terms of species composition, species dominance and population sizes, was differentially affected by the spatio-temporal variables analysed (depth, location and fishing period). Although depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, the differences obtained between the two locations were also relevant. On the upper slope these between-location differences in the dynamics of megafaunal assemblages were found to be related to the effect of fishing exploitation. Population size-based metrics and biomass spectra were good predictors of meso-scale fishing effects, and were mainly reflected by elasmobranchs and demersal teleosts. Nevertheless, the effects of fishing depended on the species considered. Two dominant large-sized fish species found on the upper slope in both localities, Galeus melastomus and Phycis blennoides, had higher biomass values associated with lower fishing effort. Although the mean body weight (MBW) of both species and also the mean maximum body weight (MMBW) of G. melastomus agreed with this pattern, the P. blennoides MMBW did not. This last case could be indicative of natural size-trends such as the bigger–deeper phenomenon which refers to the displacement of large individuals towards the deeper limit of their bathymetric distribution, beyond the maximum depth sampled in this study for this species. By contrast, the target species of the upper slope fishery, the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, was not negatively affected by the direct impact of fishing activity and other environmental factors, such as the presence of specific water masses could also be important.     

Vehicle headway modeling and its inferences in macroscopic/microscopic traffic flow theory: A survey

Vehicle headway distribution models are widely used in traffic engineering fields, since they reflect the fundamental uncertainty in drivers' car-following maneuvers and meanwhile provide a concise way to describe the stochastic feature of traffic flows. This paper presents a systematic review of vehicle headway distribution studies in the last few decades. Since it is impossible to enumerate the merits and drawbacks of all of existing distribution models, we emphasize four advances of headway distribution modeling in this paper. First, we highlight the chronicle of key assumptions on the existing distribution models and explain why this evolution occurs. Second, we show that departure headways measured for interrupted flows on urban streets and headways measured for uninterrupted flows on freeways have common features and can be simulated by a unified microscopic car-following model. The interesting finding helps gather two kinds of headway distribution models under one umbrella. Third, we review different approaches that aim to link microscopic car-following models and mesoscopic vehicle headway distribution models. Fourth, we show that both the point scattering on the density-flow plot and the shape of traffic flow breakdown curve implicitly depend on the vehicular headway distribution. These findings reveal pervasive connections between macroscopic traffic flow models and mesoscopic headway distribution. All these new insights bring new vigor into vehicle headway studies and open research frontiers in this field.