The costs and benefits of reducing SO2 emissions from ships in the US West Coastal waters

Potential costs and benefits of policy options for reducing offshore ship pollution are examined using a meta-analysis of studies synthesized regionally for the US West Coast. Net benefits of reducing SO₂ emissions from cargo ships in the US West Coast waters are found to range between $98 million and $284 million, annually; the benefit–cost ratio varies between 1.8 and 3.36, depending on the size of the control area and the sulfur content limit. The results show that about 21,000 tons of on-land equivalent SO₂ emissions or about 33% of SO₂ emissions from all mobile sources in California in 2005 can be reduced annually if the US West Coast exclusive economic zone is designated as an International Maritime Organization-compliant SO_x emission control area (SECA) with fuel-sulfur content not exceeding 1.5%. The analysis demonstrates that designating this area reduces more emissions than establishing a smaller zone at a lower but favorable benefit-cost ratio. Control measures that require 0.5% low-sulfur fuels reduce more SO₂ emissions, and also may have higher net benefits. Technological alternatives may achieve benefits of emissions reductions on the US West Coast across higher ranges of potential fuel prices. Combinations of fuel switching and control technology strategies provide the most cost-effective benefits from SECAs on the US West Coast and other world regions.     

基于UNITEST轮机模拟器的瘫船启动分析

本文结合MSC/Circ.1176通函中的统一解释,介绍了SOLAS公约关于船舶瘫船状态的定义、瘫船启动的要求、方式以及船舶原始动力源的形式,强调了瘫船启动实验在轮机模拟器训练中的必要性和积极意义。通过阐述瘫船启动在UNITEST轮机模拟器中的实现,突出了对船舶原始动力源日常维护和管理的重要性。     

Social Acceptability of Aquaculture Development in Coastal Areas: The Case of Two Greek Islands

This article examines the acceptance of aquaculture development by residents and visitors of two islands, Cephallonia and Ithaki, in the Ionian Sea, in western Greece. Aquaculture farms have been established recently in both islands, and processing and packaging units in Cephallonia, generating jobs for the local communities and land rents for the villages in the coastal areas near the fish cages. However, the farms and processing and packaging units entail certain negative impacts on the environment. This study reveals that aquaculture farms have found better acceptance in Ithaki, where aqua culture is a form of development suited to this remote, small, predominantly rural island. The degree of acceptability is higher for locals than for tourists, but also for islanders who do not live in the areas where the processing units are situated. Respondents who consider the pollution of the marine environment by the farms to be high, mostly locals and residents of the villages in the vicinity of the aquaculture infrastructure or the main cities in the islands, are more likely to express a negative attitude toward aquaculture and its further development.     

时态GIS方法及其在铁路假日客运管理信息系统中的应用

铁路假日客运管理信息系统具有数据源众多、数据发生时间不一致和数据量大等特点。阐述时态GIS的概念和技术构成。通过扩展关系型数据模型,提出一种基于视图的时空数据模型构造方法,实现空间属性和时间属性一体化。将该模型应用于假日客运管理信息系统中:解决异构、异地数据源的问题;提高客流信息的综合度和深度;实现空间上多层次统计分析、时间上不同时刻切换。通过GIS平台进行信息展示,为指挥机构调配客运资源提供辅助决策。     

Impacts of plug-in electric vehicles in the portuguese electrical grid

Powertrain electrification is currently the best alternative to ensure sustainable energy efficient personal mobility, increasing the integration of intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (RES), improving air quality in urban centres, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and their dependence on fossil energy sources. With the increasing number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) available from automotive manufacturers, one key question that arises is the capability of the electrical grid to feed the increasing energy demand of the EV fleet without major investments. This paper shows that a progressive penetration of EVs, even at a rapid rate, is perfectly possible for vehicles that offer autonomy, energy consumption and charging characteristics that are currently available in the market. This analysis is based on data acquired during a year, using a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PEV) as the only vehicle for a typical, Southern European Portuguese family. The energy consumption of a gasoline and electric vehicle is presented, as well as its impact on the household load pattern. An analysis of the impact on the grid is also presented, considering several penetration rates (100 thousand, 500 thousand and 1 million vehicles). As well as the avoided use of fossil fuel per vehicle and consequent reduction in overall emissions when compared with a conventional vehicle.     

论军用油库安全管理中的人机工程学问题

提出了油库人－机－环境系统的概念，论述了人机工程学在军用油库安全管理中的地位和作用，并对军用油库安全管理中系统安全工程问题进行了分析。     

舰船瞬时航向测量方法研究磁

舰船武器系统海上航行精度测试[1]需要真航向进行系统误差分析,而舰船在没有装备真航向测量系统情况下,如何提供真航向测量数据一直是需要解决的难题。论文采用舰船高精度光电跟踪仪、有源岸标和差分GPS定位设备,对舰船瞬时真航向测量方法及其可行性进行了深入细致的分析与研究,最终确定出系统瞬时航向测量精度是否满足使用要求。     

造船企业压缩空气管网水力计算分析

对某大型造船公司的压缩空气管网进行合理简化,得出可以用于管网水力计算的拓扑图,在此基础上建立各管段的压降方程、节点流量方程和环路能量方程等基本数学方程,最后选择几种基本的调度方案进行模拟计算,并分析和提出降低电能消耗可以采取的措施。     

湖库型饮用水源地流域特征提取

以重庆市梁平县沙坝水库饮用水源为研究对象,利用ArcGIS水文分析模块,对水源地流域的河网进行提取和子流域划分.结果表明:选用集水面积阈值为3 000时提取的河网与实际水系分布最相近,在此基础上共划分得到13个子流域.通过对13个子流域土地利用情况的分析,发现人类活动影响主要集中在水库周边的1～5号子流域,尤其是1号子...     

城市道路人均行驶速度的概率分布规律

为了寻求合适的概率分布模型,准确描述间断流环境下路段人均行驶速度的变化规律,提出基于多源检测数据的人均行驶速度估算方法.选取正态分布及对数正态分布为基本形式,构建4种双峰概率分布函数.郑州市实际数据的拟合及检验结果表明,人均行驶速度的概率分布多接近N_N双峰分布及N_LogN双峰分布.考虑公交及社会车辆混行状态,通过模型对样本数据的适应性对比分析,结果表明,人均行驶速度概率分布规律在有公交专用道路段适合N_N双峰分布,在无公交专用道路段适合N_logN双峰分布.