双电机耦合驱动电动汽车驱动模式划分与优化

为充分发挥一款双电机耦合驱动系统电动汽车(DMCP-EV)多驱动模式的节能优势,制定了基于系统效率最优的驱动模式控制策略。根据该双电机耦合驱动系统的结构特点,定义了电机4种驱动模式并分别建立其动力学驱动模型和系统效率模型。在满足动力性要求的前提下,分析并划分了各驱动模式的工作范围,以系统效率为优化目标,采用粒子群优化算法进行优化,获得最佳的驱动模式切换控制和转矩分配策略。开展了Matlab/Simulink仿真和硬件在环试验验证。结果表明,经系统效率优化的驱动模式在满足动力性要求的前提下,有效提高了双电机耦合驱动系统的经济性,能耗降低11%。     

山区高速公路驾驶人加减速行为建模

山区地形地质条件复杂,各类复杂的组合线形设计更为常见,例如直线与平曲线间组合或不同平曲线间组合。驾驶人在相邻组合路段行驶时会感知到线形的变化,引起驾驶行为的改变,最终车辆的纵向加速度也会随之改变。频繁的加减速行为会引起驾驶人不适,甚至形成安全隐患。目前针对相邻组合路段驾驶行为的研究中,关于加速度的研究主要基于路段特殊点进行计算。随着驾驶模拟技术的发展,高仿真驾驶模拟器为高速公路的设计评估提供了更好的数据及试验条件支撑。在高仿真驾驶模拟器中,基于湖南省永吉高速公路道路设计参数及周边地形环境参数,构建山区高速公路的三维虚拟模型,以山区高速公路中的相邻组合路段为研究对象,获取山区高速公路组合线形路段的车辆纵向加速度数据,提取加减速事件后,基于驾驶人的加减速行为,采用混合Logit模型,分别判定道路线形层和驾驶人层的影响,研究组合线形对驾驶人纵向加减速选择的具体影响变量以及变量的影响范围。研究结果表明：下游路段最大曲率、上游路段圆曲线段比例、下游路段变坡点数量、下游路段曲线数量、上游路段平均曲率和当前位置曲率等对驾驶人加减速行为有显著影响;通过对比混合Logit模型和多元Logit模型,指出驾驶人层面对模型结果的影响显著。研究结果提供了一种山区高速公路连续纵向加减速行为的建模方案,并可为研究驾驶人在复杂线形条件下的纵向加速度选择行为提供基础。     

考虑驾驶人风格的跟车预警规则研究

为研究驾驶人的跟车特性及探究可适用于不同风格驾驶人的跟车预警规则,为自动驾驶车辆开发可满足不同用户驾驶需求和驾乘体验的主动安全预警系统,选取50名被试驾驶人开展实车试验,采集驾驶人跟车行为表征参数并基于雷达数据确定跟车事件提取规则。选取平均跟车时距和平均制动时距为二维向量,使用基于K-means聚类结果的高斯混合模型将驾驶人聚类为3种风格类型(冒进型、平稳型、保守型)。通过分析3组驾驶人的跟车及制动数据,将不同类型驾驶人的制动时距分位数作为跟车预警阈值,结合实际预警数据及不同制动时距分位数对应的预警正确率,对现有跟车预警规则进行调整,以适应不同类型驾驶人的驾驶需求。研究结果表明:3组驾驶人的平均跟车时距和平均制动时距差异显著,冒进型驾驶人倾向于选择较小的跟车时距和制动时距,保守型驾驶人的跟车时距和制动时距则普遍较大;3组驾驶人的实际跟车预警次数为215次,驾驶人采取制动操作而系统未予以预警的次数为329次,系统整体预警正确率为21.9%,漏警率为87.5%,通过分析信息熵等判定当前预警规则并不合理;将每类驾驶人制动时距的10%分位数作为阈值时的预警效果较好,调整后的跟车预警规则能在一定程度上适应不同的驾驶人类型。     

驾驶模拟器在自动驾驶系统中的应用研究

自动驾驶车辆在实际道路上行驶之前的测试阶段是一个至关重要的环节。一个低成本、高效率以及高精度测量的自动驾驶车辆的测试方式,对于自动驾驶车辆的开发具有重要意义。将驾驶模拟器运用到研究自动驾驶车辆测试已是近年来的一个研究热点。基于虚拟驾驶场景的自动驾驶车辆的检测,通过组合虚拟驾驶场景的背景车辆、行人、交通灯、建筑、指示标牌等元素,研究将驾驶模拟器与虚拟驾驶场景的联合应用来测试自动驾驶车辆。设计了典型的交通场景,通过自动驾驶车辆和背景车辆的实时交互,研究自动驾驶车辆的各项性能指标。研究结果表明:该驾驶模拟器可以高度拟合人类驾驶体验,驾驶员通过驾驶模拟器控制背景车辆能够很好的模拟现实中的驾驶行为,对自动驾驶车辆的仿真测试起到了促进作用。     

Towards connected autonomous driving: review of use-cases

Connected autonomous vehicles are considered as mitigators of issues such as traffic congestion, road safety, inefficient fuel consumption and pollutant emissions that current road transportation system suffers from. Connected autonomous vehicles utilise communication systems to enhance the performance of autonomous vehicles and consequently improve transportation by enabling cooperative functionalities, namely, cooperative sensing and cooperative manoeuvring. The former refers to the ability to share and fuse information gathered from vehicle sensors and road infrastructures to create a better understanding of the surrounding environment while the latter enables groups of vehicles to drive in a co-ordinated way which ultimately results in a safer and more efficient driving environment. However, there is a gap in understanding how and to what extent connectivity can contribute to improving the efficiency, safety and performance of autonomous vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the potential benefits that can be achieved from connected autonomous vehicles through analysing five use-cases: (i) vehicle platooning, (ii) lane changing, (iii) intersection management, (iv) energy management and (v) road friction estimation. The current paper highlights that although connectivity can enhance the performance of autonomous vehicles and contribute to the improvement of current transportation system performance, the level of achievable benefits depends on factors such as the penetration rate of connected vehicles, traffic scenarios and the way of augmenting off-board information into vehicle control systems.     

城市道路环境下自动驾驶车辆接管绩效分析（双语出版）

为了分析城市道路环境下高度自动驾驶中非驾驶相关任务和接管紧迫度对接管绩效的影响,基于驾驶模拟器设计了自动驾驶紧急接管场景并开展驾驶模拟试验,接管请求时间分别设定为3,4,5 s,非驾驶相关任务为读新闻、看视频、玩游戏,自动驾驶车速为50 km·h^-1,试验中共招募了49名被试（男性30名,女性19名）,被试的平均年龄为31.06岁（标准差为7.1岁）,驾驶人在自动驾驶阶段始终执行非驾驶相关任务,听到接管请求提示后需要接管车辆的控制权,并实施紧急避让操作。研究结果表明：在紧急接管情况下,接管紧迫度对合成加速度和最小TTC有影响,而对接管时间无影响,与5 s的接管请求时间条件相比,3,4 s的接管请求时间条件下的合成加速度明显增加,而最小TTC则随接管请求时间的减少而降低;非驾驶相关任务对接管时间和最小TTC有影响,而对合成加速度无影响,与无非驾驶相关任务相比,非驾驶相关任务会显著增加接管时间和降低最小TTC;碰撞几乎都发生在3 s和4 s的接管请求时间下,5 s的接管请求时间能够基本保证接管的安全性。     

Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China

To accelerate the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), consumer preferences for different products and policy attributes must be determined. Although previous studies have investigated consumer preferences for some product attributes, including purchase price, operation cost, driving range, and charging time, limited studies have discussed the broader aspects of product attributes, such as battery warranty and depreciation rate. Moreover, market-oriented incentives, including the personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme and the tradable driving credits (TDC) scheme, can theoretically be effective alternatives to expensive purchase subsidies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that confirms the influence of these two schemes on BEV adoption. To fill these gaps, we conducted a stated preference choice experimental survey in China and investigated the effect of product attributes, existing policy incentives, and two emerging market-oriented incentives on BEV adoption. Our results reveal that along with the main product attributes, battery warranty has a significant positive effect on inducing mainstream consumers to adopt BEVs while no preference difference occurs among existing policy incentives after purchase subsidies are abolished. For young consumers, almost all incentives that reduce the operation cost (e.g., PCT) or increase convenience (e.g., TDC) can increase their adoption of BEVs. These findings can provide important implications for the government with regard to designing novel incentives and promoting BEV adoption.     

Identifying transit deserts for low-income commuters in Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China

The rapid expansion of many Chinese cities has put increasing pressure on existing urban transportation systems. Using Baidu users’ location data, this research analyzes the spatial patterns of the transit systems and commuter flows in Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China, and identifies transit deserts affecting low-income commuters. The results show that, first, most transit demand are generated by trips between neighboring communities, while large transit supply tends to occur between distant communities in the region. Second, about 11.21% of low-income commuters are affected by transit deserts in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. In detail, 61.30% of them commute within the city centers and 36.06% of them commute within the suburbs. Only about 2.64% of them actually travel between city centers and suburbs. Third, for low-income suburban commuters, transit deserts occur when they are surrounded by low-density transit infrastructure and low-frequency transit services, which makes it very difficult for them to connect to rest of the region. However, for low-income commuters residing in the city centers, transit deserts are mainly caused by the large numbers of transit-dependent people competing for limited transit supply in the areas. This research explores the relationship between transit systems and commuting demand in a major Chinese metropolitan area. The findings could help guide future transit system planning in China and beyond.     

Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand,station congestion,and network equilibrium

Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.     

武汉光谷国际网球中心与三环线衔接匝道研究

介绍了武汉市三环线武黄立交新增匝道的设计思路、方案调整及匝道车道数研究。通过分析新增匝道建设的主要受控因素,提出了三环线到达及驶离网球中心停车场不同路径的匝道方案,并从多方面对匝道方案进行综合比选。