高速列车制动模式探讨

高速列车的功能比普通列车的大几倍，而高速下轮机间的粘着系数及闸瓦与动轮之间的摩擦系数都降低了一个数量级，故高速列车必须采用新的制动体系，电阻制动技术成熟，而再生制动能回收大部分动能，且制动特性较好，在直流牵引电动机和交流同步，异步电动机驱动中得到广泛应用。盘形制动在高速车辆上是必不可少的。在非粘着的电气制动中，磁轨制动的磨耗大，适用于紧急制动，而轨道涡流制动在８０～３００ｋｍ／ｈ速度内，制动特性平     

Spatial distribution of cadmium over a cyclonic eddy in the southern East China Sea

Eddy systems are a unique ecosystem, usually having high biological masses and primary production in the sea. In this study, both particulate and dissolved phases of cadmium in the water column of 15 stations over a cyclonic eddy in the southern East China Sea were determined to obtain their spatial distributions. This allows us to confirm that cyclonic eddy systems play the role of a Cd pump in the sea.Results showed that particulate Cd (PCd) and dissolved Cd (DCd) concentrations in water varied greatly, ranging over two orders and one order of magnitude, respectively. Large spatial variability was found not only for PCd but also for DCd in the upper water, apparently due to the effects of the cyclonic eddy system on the Cd distributions over the study area. DCd accounts for about 99% of the total Cd. For the surface water, DCd concentration at the eddy center was about five times the average of the water surrounding the eddy center. The depth distributions of DCd exhibited a typical surface depletion and a subsequent increase with depth; however, the PCd distribution showed the opposite, i.e. a surface maximum and a subsequent decline with depth. In general, the DCd maxima were found at depths of 600–1000 m, agreeing well with the literature. It reflected the internal biogeochemical cycling of Cd in the water column, which was driven by the utilization of Cd by plankton in the euphotic zone and by the regeneration of Cd at depth. In addition, a remarkably high DCd concentration existed in near-bottom water around the cyclonic eddy center.The horizontal distributions of both PCd and DCd in the upper water shared a common feature with elevated concentrations centering around the eddy center and a decline in concentration with distance from the eddy center. This shows that the cyclonic eddy could bring up the Cd-rich deep water to the surface water around the eddy center and could then expand toward eddy's vicinity via advection–diffusion. It is thus likely that it produces ample biological masses over the eddy system. Hence, this work can demonstrate that the ascending nutrient-rich water driven by the cyclonic eddies can serve as an important source not only for many nutrients but also for Cd in the sea.     

基于延迟脱体涡算法高速列车通过隧道时的绕流特性

基于延迟脱体涡算法和滑移网格技术,建立CRH380A型列车的含有转向架的三维可压缩瞬态仿真模型,模拟研究高速列车气动力、速度场和表面压力这3大绕流特性的变化规律。结果表明:延迟脱体涡算法能较好地捕捉列车通过隧道时的气动特性;当列车头部刚驶入隧道时,气动阻力迅速升高并在车头完全进入隧道时达到最大值,列车下方2侧的速度纵向分量会急剧增加,位于靠近设备舱位置的速度纵向分量会显著降低;当尾车刚驶入隧道时,隧道内壁与列车侧面之间的流场会出现回流区;当尾车全部刚驶入隧道时,气动升力和侧向力骤然增加;当列车全部驶入隧道后,气动力的波动幅值均明显升高;列车通过隧道过程中,列车侧面压力整体上呈现先增后减、最后维持周期性波动的趋势,处于尾流区的车尾部位具有更强烈的波动特征;列车裙板和车底的表面压力整体上均呈先减后增、最后维持在较高幅值波动的趋势,对列车相关结构的疲劳强度产生不利影响。     

EFFECTIVE SHIELDING OF UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT GENERATED MAGNETIC FIELDS

Introduction　　 Environmentalelectromagnetic fields are ofin-creasing concern.Passive shielding is often em-ployed to reduce magnetic fields. Cylindricalshielding geometry is widely employed in powerin-dustry such as protective pipes,cable ducts andlightning down- conductors. Although shielding ef-fects of such conducting shells on magnetic fieldshave been recognized in recent decades,most ofthe studies have been devoted to the case of“dipole” ( opposite equal currents) sources or bal-anced…     

旋转型永磁涡流制动装置的研究

研究了一种适用于非动力车辆的非摩擦制动技术--旋转型永磁涡流技术.根据涡流制动原理,以CRH2拖车转向架为对象,设计了旋转型永磁涡流制动装置.运用ANSYS软件着重进行了旋转型水磁涡流制动装置磁场的瞬态分析,得到在不同速度下感应盘所能提供的制动功率.最后从制动装置的永磁体磁极埘数、磁极周向距离、极片厚度、空隙宽度等方而...     

基于大涡模拟的高速列车横风运行安全性研究

结合高速列车空气动力学和多体系统动力学,研究横风对高速列车运行安全性的影响.首先采用大涡模拟计算方法,研究了不同横风风速下高速列车非定常气动载荷的时域及频域特性,列车周围流场结构及相应的非定常流场特性.然后建立高速列车多体系统动力学模型,将得到的气动力作为外加载荷作用于列车上,研究了不同横风风速下定常气动力和非定常气动力对直线上高速列车运行安全性的影响特性,计算结果表明,与定常气动力相比,作用于车身上的非定常气动力使列车的振动加剧.最后参照高速列车的安全运行标准,对高速列车的安全运行进行分析,为横风下高速列车的安全运行提供参考.     

高速列车车头的气动噪声数值分析

随着列车运行速度的提高,列车气动噪声变得越来越明显,降低气动噪声已成为控制高速列车噪声的关键之一。本文对高速列车车头气动噪声进行数值分析。首先,建立高速列车三维绕流流场的数学物理模型,分别利用标准k-ε湍流模型和大涡模拟计算高速列车的外部稳态和瞬态流场。然后,基于稳态流场,利用宽频带噪声源模型计算高速列车车身表面气动噪声源;基于瞬态流场,分析车身表面脉动压力的时域及频域特性;利用Lighthill声学比拟理论,计算高速列车远场气动噪声,分析远场气动噪声的时域及频域特性。本文对研究和控制高速列车气动噪声具有一定意义。     

使用涡流制动的高速动车组制动力匹配分析研究

分析了在高速动车组制动系统中增加线性涡流制动后,涡流制动力和空气制动力的分配原则。接着讨论了基于试验数据建立钢轨温升和闸片磨耗数学模型的方法。基于经验公式以减少钢轨温升和减少闸片磨耗为目标,提出一种分配涡流制动力和空气制动力的优化控制策略。通过优化计算,给出了涡流制动力和空气制动力的分配关系。     

绕方柱流速度场的数值模拟

采用有限差分法 ,对雷诺数为 2 .2× 10 4 的三维绕方柱流的速度场进行了大涡模拟。运用时间分裂控制(Split Operator)法 ,将N S方程分为对流步、扩散步和传播步。对Smagorinsky假设在近壁区的发散问题用两层模型而非通常采用的WallDampingFunction进行处理。对流项用迎风 中心差分格式模拟 ,压力方程用SOR法迭代求解。计算得到的沿对称线的时均顺流向速度的计算结果与文献上的实验结果进行了比较 ,结果吻合较好。     

Numerical investigation of turbulence near a sheared air–water interface. Part 1: Turbulence statistics beneath a flat water surface sheared by wind

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent shear flow beneath a flat water surface with imposed wind shear stress are presented. The results of DNS indicate that there are clear differences, and also similarities, between wind-driven flow and the flow near a solid wall. The qualitative structures of turbulence are similar in both types of flow. Low-speed streaks are also present in wind-driven flow. On the other hand, profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence intensities in wind-driven flow are significantly different from those in flow near a solid wall. The differences are attributed to the lack of a viscous sublayer, and to the boundary condition which allows fluctuations of the tangential velocity components at the boundary. LES of the same flow was also carried out to evaluate subgrid-scale models. It was shown that the features of the flow observed in DNS are well simulated by all models tested, and that the discrepancies between DNS and LES with the dynamic mixed model are very small. Received: August 17, 2000 / Accepted: December 22, 2000