Assessing the financial and social costs of public transport in differing operating environments and with endogenous demand

This paper uses a previously developed spreadsheet cost model which simulates public transport modes operated on a 12-km route to analyse the total costs of different passenger demand levels. The previous cost model was a very powerful tool to estimate the social and operator costs for different public transport technologies. However, as the model is strategic, some basic assumptions were made which are relaxed in this paper. First, the speed-flow equation in the original spreadsheet model assumes that speed decreases according to the ratio of the current frequency and the lane capacity which is based on the safety headway without taking into account passenger boardings. However, this may vary in different operating environments. Therefore, the speed-flow equation is improved by moving from a linear equation to a piecewise equation that considers the features of different operating environments. Second, the model assumes that supply is sufficient to meet demand. However, when the level of demand is high for the lower-capacity public transport technologies, passengers may find the incoming vehicle full and therefore, they have to wait more than one service interval. This paper applies queuing theory to investigate the probability of having to wait longer than the expected service headways which will affect the average passenger waiting time. The extra waiting time for each passenger is calculated and applied in the spreadsheet cost model. Third, the original model assumed that demand was externally fixed (exogenous). To evaluate the differences after applying these equations, endogenous demand rather than exogenous demand will be investigated by using the elasticities for passenger waiting time and journey time.     

中心城区机动车停车设施规划研究

随着城市,尤其是城市中心城区停车需求的日益增加,停车问题的日益突出,对城市停车设施进行合理规划显得尤为重要。本文对城市中心城区停车特征进行分析归纳,对城市各种停车需求进行分类,在研究结论中针对每种停车需求提出相应的停车设施供应,并尝试给出各类停车设施的合理比例。本次研究成果在宜兴市中心城区停车设施规划中得到应用,并取得良好的效果。     

城市公共交通服务供给侧政府管理职责 边界与市场机制研究

为厘清政府在公共交通服务供给侧的管理职责边界,进一步发挥市场机制的作用,提高公 共交通资源配置效率,在对目前公共交通服务供给侧政府管理和市场机制主要误区进行分析的基 础上,对公共交通服务进行科学分类,细分为基本公共交通服务和多元化公共交通服务,明确了 各自的服务定位和特征,并应用四象限法则,以“政府主导”和“市场积极性”为重要因素,分 析不同类型公共交通服务供给侧方面政府和市场发挥的作用和参与方式,最后,研究提出基本公 共交通服务和多元化公共交通服务中政府应当承担的管理职责,以及市场机制参与提供公共交通 服务的主要切入点和制度保障。     

基于可达性指标的航空货运网络布局优化研究

以网络可达性和利用率最大为目标,建立货机班次分配与货物运输路径选择的多目标双层优化模型,针对我国基于审批方式为各航线分配航班的实际情况,通过调整货机班次优化航空货运网络布局.以20个机场组成的航空货运网络为例,设计NSGAII算法求解模型.结果表明:北京、上海、广州、深圳之间的航段将获得1/4的货机班次,他们是航空货运的枢纽机场;当决策者偏好网络可达性时,更多货机班次将被分配到大型机场间的航段上,当决策者偏好网络利用率时,货机班次在航段上的分配较均匀;随着货机班次在航段上由集中趋向分散,网络可达性降低而利用率提高;减少货机班次会降低网络可达性,增加货机班次会降低网络的利用率.     

基于AEC模型的船舶燃油供给系统状态评估

[目的]针对船舶机舱智能化的发展需求,为了预判系统设备的潜在失效因素,提出一种适用于船舶系统健康状态评估的新型AEC模型.[方法]首先,将改进层次分析法(AHP)与熵权法(EWM)的优势相结合,形成组合赋权法来确定各项评估指标的综合权重;然后,采用云重心评判法(CGCEM)计算加权偏离度,并对系统健康状态进行评估.[结...     

模数式桥梁伸缩缝疲劳寿命分析与结构优化

为提高伸缩缝结构的强度和疲劳寿命,提出了一种考虑移动车轮荷载的伸缩缝结构动力响应计算方法,该方法同时考虑了车轮的竖向与水平冲击荷载,这些冲击荷载作用在内力影响线分析得到的最不利作用点上.在动力分析基础上,采用包含有效缺口应力、雨流计数和线性累计损伤理论的结构疲劳寿命分析方法,评估了模数式伸缩缝的疲劳寿命.针对伸缩缝结构...     

上海轨道交通运营的ALSTOM联合体列车

上海3号线明珠一期、1号线北延伸二期和2号线东延伸列车均采用ALSTOM与浦镇联合体联合制造的A型列车。概要叙述了上海轨道交通该类型列车的设计原则、主要构成和主要技术参数,并着重对车辆的辅助供电系统、列车监控技术等特点作了较为详细的分析说明。     

Multi-period planning of closed-loop supply chain with carbon policies under uncertainty

Climate change and greenhouse gases emissions have caused countries to implement various carbon regulatory mechanisms in some industrial sectors around the globe to curb carbon emissions. One effective method to reduce industry environmental footprint is the use of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). The decision concerning the design and planning of an optimal network of the CLSC plays a vital role in determining the total carbon footprint across the supply chain and also the total cost. In this context, this research proposes an optimization model for design and planning a multi-period, multi-product CLSC with carbon footprint consideration under two different uncertainties. The demand and returns uncertainties are considered by means of multiple scenarios and uncertainty of carbon emissions due to supply chain related activities are considered by means of bounded box set and solve using robust optimization approach. The model extends further to investigate the impact of different carbon policies such as including strict carbon cap, carbon tax, carbon cap-and-trade, and carbon offset on the supply chain strategic and operational decisions. The model captures trade-offs that exist among supply chain total cost and carbon emissions. Also, the proposed model optimizes both supply chain total cost and carbon emissions across the supply chain activities. The numerical results reveal some insightful observations with respect to CLSC strategic design decisions and carbon emissions under various carbon policies and at the end we highlighted some managerial insights.     

吻合血管腓骨移植重建股骨头血供实验研究

本文采取自身对照方法对18条成熟体健雄性家犬的36侧股骨头颈部、分为两组、分别制成陈旧性股骨颈骨折和股骨头缺血性坏死模型。两周后进行吻合血管腓骨移植,术后分别进行X线片、病理组织学、电镜、99~m锝-亚甲基二膦酸盐骨扫描和四环素荧光标记等观察。实验结果表明:吻合血管腓骨移植为损伤股骨头提供了新的血供系统。坚硬的游离腓骨和金属内固定同时插入股骨头颈部,术后腓骨在骨折区形成骨桥,不仅能消除剪力,而且防止骨折断端旋转移位。移植腓骨骨膜也参与了股骨头缺血性坏死的修复过程。     

备用电源自投装置在地铁供电系统的应用

针对北京地铁八通线供电系统的特点,总结出其双路电源供电时的逻辑关系,采用备用电源自投装置来实现,提高了供电质量,又有一定的防误闭锁功能,提高了供电可靠性。