电喷发动机闭缸循环工作排放与经济性试验研究

介绍了电喷发动机闭缸循环工作节油的理论基础,给出了闭缸循环工作的控制电路和工作模式,并进行了怠速和等速行驶燃油消耗和排放性能的对比试验。试验结果表明,两缸闭缸循环工作能够有效地降低燃油消耗量。     

柴油机燃用麻疯树油甲酯的氮氧化物排放特性

研究了柴油机燃用麻疯树油甲酯的NOx排放特性。以1台轻型车用直喷式柴油机为试验样机,分别燃用6种不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃油,研究总的NOx排放以及NO,NO2,N2O等NOx主要组分的排放特性。结果表明,燃用各种混合燃油的NOx排放曲线形态较为接近,低负荷时差异较小,随负荷增加,排放差异增大。NOx排放以NO和NO2为主,NO排放随着负荷上升而增加,NO在总NOx排放中始终占有最高比例。NO2排放也占有相当比例,在低负荷时较高,随着负荷增大浓度降低,大负荷高温不利于NO2的生成。N2O排放量极低,在中低负荷时有一定生成量,高负荷N2O排放几乎为0,缸内稀燃低温有利于N2O排放的生成。在同一稳定工况下,随生物柴油混合比的提高,NOx,NO,NO2比排放量呈线性增加,N2O比排放量呈线性降低。发动机燃烧生物柴油后,NOx及其组分NO,NO2和N2O的排放量发生改变,而各自的排放变化规律并未发生变化。     

机动车PM2．5排放特性

为了获得典型机动车PM2．5排放特性,文章利用符合PMP规程的MEXA一1000SPCS时不同技术类型的机动车进行了PM2．5数量排放研究,并对PM2．5排放较高的两类车型（GDI和国Ⅳ柴油车）进行了冷热试验对比。试验结果表明：不同技术类型机动车PM2．5排放量级差异明显,国V柴油车〈MPI汽油车〈GDI汽油车〈国Ⅳ柴油车;GDI汽油车PM2．5排放受温度影响要大于受负荷的影响;国Ⅳ柴油车型PM2．5排放受车辆负荷的影响要大于受温度的影响;DPF技术能够有效降低PM2．5排放;无论何种车型,瞬态加速工况都会造成PM2．5排放急剧增高。     

多次喷射对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

基于1台高压共轨涡轮增压柴油机,采用不同的预喷正时、预喷油量与后喷正时等,研究了多次喷射对燃烧放热、排放生成与燃油经济性的影响,以实现均质压燃和低温燃烧过程。研究结果表明:随预喷正时提前,缸内峰值压力降低,主燃阶段的滞燃期缩短,NOx和炭烟排放均降低;随预喷油量增加,预喷阶段燃烧的放热率和最大压力升高率增大,NOx和HC排放增大,而PM和CO排放降低;随后喷始点推迟,缸内压力与主放热率峰值差异变小,NOx排放降低,但炭烟排放先增大后逐渐降低。     

静电雾化技术在汽车节能降排中的应用

本文分析了燃油液滴的荷电方法，确定了使用浸润电极的强制荷电方法，设计了适当的荷电装置，在发动机稳流气流气道试验台上用SQ－Ⅱ型运动粒子瞬态激光全息测试仪对应用静电雾化技术改善雾化前后的雾场进行了对比分析，统计结果证明应用静电雾化技术可降低粒径，改善雾化均匀程度；CA6102发动机台架试验结果表明，应用静电雾化技术可以大幅度地降低发动机排放中CO、HC的含量，并可使比油耗有一定程度的降低。     

Optimization of Wiedemann and Fritzsche car-following models for emission estimation

Recent studies have provided that the vehicle trajectories generated by car-following models may not represent the real driving characteristics, thus leading to significant emission estimation errors. In this paper, two of the most widely used car-following models, Wiedemann and Fritzsche models, were selected and analyzed based on the massive field car-following trajectories in Beijing. A numerical simulation method was designed to generate the following car’s trajectories by using the field trajectories as the input. By comparing the simulated and the filed data, the representativeness of the simulated regime fractions and VSP distributions were evaluated. Then, the mechanism of car-following models was investigated from the aspects of regime determination and the acceleration rule in each regime. Further, the regime threshold parameters and acceleration model were optimized for emission estimations. This study found that the “Following” regime threshold of SDX and the maximum acceleration in “Free Driving” regime are critical parameters for Wiedemann model. The differences between the Wiedemann simulated VSP distribution and the field one can be reduced separately by applying the optimized SDX and maximum acceleration model individually. However, a much sharper reduction was observed by optimizing both parameters simultaneously, and the emission estimation errors were further reduced, which were less than 4% in the case studies. Fritzsche model generated more realistic VSP distributions and emissions, while the maximum accelerations could be further optimized for high speed conditions.     

Quantifying the environmental impacts of increasing high occupancy vehicle lanes in the United States

To what extent will increasing High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane-kilometer incentivize carpooling and reduce emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases? To answer these questions, we develop a multiple regression model relating HOV lanes and other socioeconomic factors to carpooling propensity in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, then calculate the extent to which increasing HOV lane-kilometers would lead to reductions in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) and major air pollutants across the U.S., by state. Increasing HOV lane extent has the greatest potential to reduce annual CO₂e in the District of Columbia, followed by Hawaii and New York. The smallest potential is found in states with the lowest population density, led by North Dakota. We then explore the extent to which recommendations made at one level of data aggregation (that of individual states) may be valid for another level, such as individual counties. The only state with sufficient data available to disaggregate the model to the county level is California, where we found a lower potential for state-wide CO₂e emission reductions under the county-level model as compared to the state-level model (0.69% as compared to 1.08%, under the same hypothetical scenario), albeit with significant differences in emission reduction potential between counties with higher vs. lower population densities. This analysis demonstrates the potential to generate generalizable insight into the magnitude of vehicle emission reductions that might be achieved through expanding HOV lanes, and highlights the importance of data disaggregation in identifying the optimal locations for potential reductions.     

基于公路改扩建节能减排造价管理系统的研究

随着节能减排工作的深化和细化,公路基础设施建设的节能减排越来越受到重视。基于全国公路工程造价管理系统和中国生命周期核心数据库,可以快速实现改扩建公路生命周期能耗和碳排放的规范化核算,从而筛选出节能减排效益较优的设计方案。文章通过海南省某省道改扩建项目的实证研究,为设计方案节能减排核算及效益评价提供范例,为优化公路建设行业节能减排管理提供思路。     

碳达峰下城市交通运输减排治理策略研究

随着我国城镇化和机动化进程的不断加快，交通运输行业的污染排放问题愈发严重，已经 成为碳排放的主要来源之一。通过政策手段有效治理城市交通运输污染排放是实现城市可持续 发展和2030年碳达峰目标的关键。本文在分析城市交通系统结构和各个要素因果关系的基础 上，将城市交通能耗与排放系统划分为：人口、经济、私家车、公共交通、物流与货运、交通基础设 施、能源消耗与排放等7个子系统，利用系统动力学方法建立城市交通减排治理决策模型，以哈尔 滨市为例进行策略仿真。在对模型进行方程设置、参数估计和有效性检验之后，利用Vensim软件 仿真模拟不同交通减排治理策略实施效果，并探讨如何通过不同策略组合实现城市交通碳达峰 目标，为碳达峰下城市交通减排治理提供决策依据和策略方案。     

Potential of a repair system for grouted connections in offshore structures: Development and experimental verification

Grouted connections are intensively used in offshore rigs, platforms as well as jacket and monopile offshore wind turbine structures. Being located in remote offshore conditions, these connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradation was reported inside similar connections, which were installed in the last three decades. Grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced load-bearing capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs. In this study, scaled grouted connections were manufactured using a novel mould, whose integrity were monitored using digital image correlation (DIC). The connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern using distributed fibre optic sensors and acoustic emission (AE) analysis. Grouted connections were then repaired using a cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the grout injection was monitored using dye penetration technique. Finally, specimens are reloaded to identify the potential of such repair for grouted connections.