Emission control areas: More or fewer?

As the global sulphur limit implemented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the further development of sulphur emission reduction technologies, the effects of Emission Control Areas (ECAs) on reducing the sulphur emissions from ships will be reduced gradually. To explore the necessity of ECAs in the near future, this paper introduces the fictitious sulphur emission permit allocated to shipping carriers for our considered region. We propose an ECA location problem, which determines the location of ECAs in order to minimize the impact of sulphur emissions on human health, while satisfying the constraint on the fictitious sulphur emission permit. A mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed for our investigated problem. Numerical experiments are carried out by using our proposed model applied to China and Africa, where the sulphur emissions at different sites are estimated via the fuel consumption calculated by collecting data from liner carriers. Results show that, for the case of China, the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta have a high probability for establishing ECAs. For the case of Africa, the Guinea Bay and South Africa have a high probability for establishing ECAs.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Key factors controlling the real exhaust emissions from earthwork machines

This study focuses on the actual exhaust emissions of regulated and unregulated pollutants from earthwork machines (EM). In addition to providing a realistic assessment of gaseous and particulate emissions from key EM and filling critical data gaps in emission inventories, it emphasizes the importance of breaking down the average operating emission factors into task-related emission factors (TEF). The latter serve many goals, namely by: categorizing EM in relation to their emission dynamics, finding emission determinants and proposing on-site emission mitigation strategies. These have also led to a more refined analysis of both the effectiveness of EU and US emissions standards and the accuracy of NONROAD2008 model. Ultimately, by using task-related emission factors in conjunction with data available from the literature and with the methodology developed by US-EPA, a lower bound was estimated for gaseous exhaust emissions from the major construction vehicles operable at earthwork sites.     

广州地铁盾构隧道建设期碳排放强度与减排潜力研究

为合理量化地铁盾构隧道建设的碳排放水平并测度其减排潜力，采用LCA方法开展地铁盾构隧道建设阶段碳排放评价工作，并结合实际工程数据进行碳排放强度和水平量化分析； 同时，基于情景分析法从推广绿色建材及清洁能源等角度探究其减碳潜力。研究结果表明： 单环预制管片碳排放强度约为7.1 tCO2e/环，而单位地铁盾构隧道建设碳排放强度约为1.1万tCO2e/km； 其中，建材及预制管片生产、运输及盾构施工和安装等过程占比分别为72.7%、1.9%和25.4%。若通过提高再生建材和优化能源结构，年均碳排放量下降约6%，但碳排放量累积可达约13 MtCO2e（2022—2035年），与2020年全国城市轨道交通运营排放基本持平。     

Sailing into a dilemma: An economic and legal analysis of an EU trading scheme for maritime emissions

On the basis of a joint economic and legal analysis, we evaluate the effects of a “regional” (European) emission trading scheme aiming at reducing emissions of international shipping. The focus lies on the question which share of emissions from maritime transport activities to and from the EU can and should be included in such a system. Our findings suggest that the attempt to implement an EU maritime ETS runs into a dilemma. It is not possible to design a system that achieves emission reductions in a cost efficient manner and is compatible with international law.     

汽油发动机怠速工况富氧燃烧的研究

利用不同进气氧体积分数,实现汽油机富氧燃烧。氧体积分数分别为21.1%,22.6%,25.5%条件下,试验研究了在怠速工况下汽油发动机燃烧特性和排放特性。研究结果表明:在汽油机中怠速工况下,随着氧体积分数的增加,缸压、瞬时放热率明显增大,峰值相位出现时刻提前,累积放热量明显增大;进气中氧浓度加大,循环波动率下降,提高了发动机缸内燃烧的稳定性,燃油消耗量基本保持不变;在怠速工况下实现富氧燃烧,可以大大降低THC和CO的排放,NO2的排放增加,但增加的幅度处于较低的水平。     

汽油机掺醇燃烧甲醛排放及后处理适应性研究

进行了电喷汽油机燃用汽油和多种不同掺混比例甲醇汽油的试验研究,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)测量了普通三元催化器前后的甲醛排放。试验结果表明:甲醛排放量随掺醇比例、转速的增加而增大,随扭矩的增加先减少后增加;三元催化器对甲醛排放的催化转化效率随着掺醇比例的增加而减小;燃用M30以下低比例甲醇汽油时,催化器对甲醛排放的催化转化效率在多数工况都能达到85%以上,受工况影响并不明显;燃用M50以上中高比例甲醇汽油时催化器对甲醛排放的催化转化效率受工况影响较大,随着发动机转速、扭矩的增加而增加,在低转速低负荷下催化效率下降明显。     

基于模型的重型柴油车SCR后处理系统稳态控制策略研究

为满足即将实施的中重型柴油车国Ⅳ排放法规要求,建立了一种基于模型的SCR尿素喷射稳态控制策略,研究了稳态下影响尿素喷射的排温模型、NOx 预估模型、排气流量模型、催化器效率模型和喷射模型,分析了空速比等影响模型性能的重要参数,建立了模型控制的MAP图和数学计算方法。将SCR系统进行了台架试验,研究了ESC工况下NOx 浓度变化趋势。研究结果表明,基于模型控制策略的SCR系统对于降低NOx 排放具有良好的效果,并可以达到国Ⅳ排放法规要求。     

车用重型柴油机二级增压系统模拟及试验研究

针对某车用重型柴油机进行了二级增压系统匹配研究,根据产品开发目标要求选择了高、低二级增压器。采用GT-Power软件建立了二级增压柴油机仿真模型,并对柴油机外特性稳态工况性能进行了模拟计算,分析了二级增压系统能量分配对柴油机性能的影响规律。建立了二级增压柴油机测试平台,并进行了外特性、万有特性及排放特性试验。模拟及试验结果表明,二级增压系统可以大幅提高柴油机低速扭矩,改善燃油经济性,拓宽柴油机燃油经济性运行区域,大幅降低柴油机PM排放。