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In this paper a novel solution algorithm is proposed for exactly solving simplified first order dynamic network loading (DNL) problems for any generalised network. This DNL solution algorithm, termed eLTM (event-based Link Transmission Model), is based on the seminal Lighthill–Witham–Richards (LWR) model, adopts a triangular fundamental diagram and includes a generalised first order node model formulation. Unlike virtually all DNL solution algorithms, eLTM does not rely on time discretisation, but instead adopts an event based approach. The main advantage of this approach is the possibility of yielding exact results. Furthermore, an approximate version of the same algorithm is introduced. The user can configure an a-priori threshold that dictates the approximation error (measurable a-posteriori). Using this approximation the computational effort required decreases significantly, making it especially suitable for large scale applications. The computational complexity is investigated and results are demonstrated via theoretical and real world case studies. Fixed periods of stationary demands are included adopting a matrix demand profile to mimic basic departure time demand fluctuations. Finally, the information loss of the approximate solution is assessed under different configurations. 相似文献
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Social equity is increasingly incorporated as a long-term objective into urban transportation plans. Researchers use accessibility measures to assess equity issues, such as determining the amount of jobs reachable by marginalized groups within a defined travel time threshold and compare these measures across socioeconomic categories. However, allocating public transit resources in an equitable manner is not only related to travel time, but also related to the out-of-pocket cost of transit, which can represent a major barrier to accessibility for many disadvantaged groups. Therefore, this research proposes a set of new accessibility measures that incorporates both travel time and transit fares. It then applies those measures to determine whether people residing in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada experience the same levels of transit accessibility as those living in other neighborhoods. Results are presented in terms of regional accessibility and trends by social indicator decile. Travel time accessibility measures estimate a higher number of jobs that can be reached compared to combined travel time and cost measures. However, the degree and impact of these measures varies across the social deciles. Compared to other groups in the region, residents of socially disadvantaged areas have more equitable accessibility to jobs using transit; this is reflected in smaller decreases in accessibility when fare costs are included. Generating new measures of accessibility combining travel time and transit fares provides more accurate measures that can be easily communicated by transportation planners and engineers to policy makers and the public since it translates accessibility measures to a dollar value. 相似文献
204.
Ronald W. McQuaid 《Research in Transportation Economics》2009,25(1):19-28
This paper considers the length of time that parents are willing to travel to an existing or new job. Using data for over 12,000 parents it finds that many characteristics were associated with being less likely to be willing to travel to work for at least an hour (roundtrip). These include: being a women, those out of work, having children under 5, being a lone parent and using formal childcare. Professionals and associate professions were more willing to travel for longer periods. In terms of location, those in accessible small towns and rural areas were willing to travel more than those in larger urban areas and those in remote rural areas willing to travel most. Policy implications are also set out. 相似文献
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为详细研究降雨量对OD行程时间可靠性的影响,基于Uber 出行共享的3 年美国波士顿10 对OD行程时间数据及WeatherUnderground 网站提供的小时历史天气,构建了OD行程时间高斯混合模型(GMM). 模型参数利用EM法进行求解,K 值根据K-S 检验后的P 值 (大于0.500 0)进行确定,模型分位数利用二分法进行求解. 提出一种基于缓冲指数(BI)的新指标——缓冲指数变化率(BIVR)作为定量评估指标. 结果表明:降雨会降低总体OD行程时间可靠性,降低效果随降雨量提高而增强,但增强效果并不明显;尽管可能性较低,但当降雨处于次要影响因素时可能提高可靠性;小雨天气可视为正常天气;雨天可靠性显著低于正常天气,居民在雨天(除小雨外)出行应预留更多时间. 相似文献
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保持分布式系统内时间统一是实现以网络为中心的信息化战争的必要前提条件。剖析了紧耦合系统中时间对准的若干实现方案的特点及存在的问题,提出了适应分布式作战系统的模块化、标准化系统对时的实现途径。 相似文献
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为提高短时交通流预测的精度,提出利用BP神经网络、RBF神经网络和ARIMA模型构建组合预测模型,该组合预测模型利用最优化原理进行权系数的分配,并且满足分配到的权值始终具有实际意义。通过对分配的权系数进行显著性检验,以确保组合预测模型中选用的单项预测方法显著相关。通过实例分析,验证了组合预测模型的有效性,结果表明,相比较单一的预测模型,组合预测模型具有更高的预测精度。 相似文献