An analysis of the determinants of children’s weekend physical activity participation

This paper examines the out-of-home, weekend, time-use patterns of children aged 5–17 years, with a specific emphasis on their physical activity participation. The impact of several types of factors, including individual and household demographics, neighborhood demographics, built environment characteristics, and activity day variables, on physical activity participation is analyzed using a joint nested multiple discrete–continuous extreme value-binary choice model. The sample for analysis is drawn from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area Travel Survey. The model developed in the paper can be used to assess the impacts of changing demographics and built environment characteristics on children’s physical activity levels.     

Application of Lagrangian relaxation approach to α-reliable path finding in stochastic networks with correlated link travel times

This study investigates the important problem of determining a reliable path in a stochastic network with correlated link travel times. First, the distribution of path travel time is quantified by using trip records from GPS probe vehicles. Second, the spatial correlation of link travel time is explicitly considered by using a correlation coefficient matrix, which is incorporated into the α-reliable path problem by Cholesky decomposition. Third, the Lagrangian relaxation based framework is used to handle the α-reliable path problem, by which the intractable problem with a non-linear and non-additive structure can be decomposed into several easy-to-solve problems. Finally, the path-finding performance of this approach is tested on a real-world network. The results show that 15 iterations of calculation can yield a small relative gap between upper and lower bounds of the optimal solution and the average running time is about 5 s for most OD settings. The applicability of α-reliable path finding is validated by a case study.     

Bus congestion, optimal infrastructure investment and the choice of a fare collection system in dedicated bus corridors

Microeconomic optimisation of scheduled public transport operations has traditionally focused on finding optimal values for the frequency of service, capacity of vehicles, number of lines and distance between stops. In addition, however, there exist other elements in the system that present a trade-off between the interests of users and operators that have not received attention in the literature, such as the optimal selection of a fare payment system and a designed running speed (i.e., the cruising speed that buses maintain in between two consecutive stops). Alternative fare payment methods (e.g., on-board and off-board, payment by cash, magnetic strip or smart card) have different boarding times and capital costs, with the more efficient systems such as a contactless smart card imposing higher amounts of capital investment. Based on empirical data from several Bus Rapid Transit systems around the world, we also find that there is a positive relationship between infrastructure cost per kilometre and commercial speed (including stops), achieved by the buses, which we further postulate as a linear relationship between infrastructure investment and running speed. Given this context, we develop a microeconomic model for the operation of a bus corridor that minimises total cost (users and operator) and has five decision variables: frequency, capacity of vehicles, station spacing, fare payment system and running speed, thus extending the traditional framework. Congestion, induced by bus frequency, plays an important role in the design of the system, as queues develop behind high demand bus stops when the frequency is high. We show that (i) an off-board fare payment system is the most cost effective in the majority of circumstances; (ii) bus congestion results in decreased frequency while fare and bus capacity increase, and (iii) the optimal running speed grows with the logarithm of demand.     

机动车左弯待转区设置的临界条件

为寻求左弯待转区的设置依据,分析了交叉口的几何形状,给出了设置左弯待转区的几何临界条件;利用累计曲线和交通波理论建立了左转车排队位置模型,如果交叉口的渠化方案和信号配时方案保持不变,应用排队位置模型可以得出在排队长度约束下的临界流量和极限流量;如果左转车的到达率一定时间段是稳定不变的,可以得到设置左弯待转区的左转相位最短绿灯时间和最长红灯时间.研究成果可为左弯待转区的设置提供理论依据.     

基于多参数状态时间序列的交通状态预测方法

利用多个参数描述交通状态时,交通流数据表现为多维空间数据。提出了将属于每个状态的多维空间数据转换为一维时间序列的方法,对于此状态时间序列采用BP神经网络进行了下1个时段的交通状态预测。实验结果表明,多参数状态时间序列比单个参数时间序列能更准确地描述交通流状态变化过程,且算法简单,具有较强的预测实时性。     

基于探测车数据的路段行程时间估计

利用探测车数据进行路段行程时间估计面临着两类误差：采样误差和非采样误差,从而导致估计结果精度不高和可靠性差。在回顾已有估计方法的基础上,有针对性地引入了自适应式卡尔曼滤波,建立了相应的状态方程和观测方程,利用相似时间特征的历史数据标定了状态转移系数,并对滤波进行了求解。以实际数据对估计方法进行了验证,平均相对误差为13.13%。研究表明,自适应式卡尔曼滤波能够应用到基于探测车数据的路段行程时间估计中来,并具有估计精度高、收敛速度快、参数少、对初值不敏感等优点。     

一种基于垂直字符边界特征的车牌定位方法

提出了一种基于垂直字符边界点特征的车牌定位方法，该方法能有效定位车牌，定位精度高达９８％，定位时间不超过２ｓ，并能有效地克服光线和天气条件等影响。     

石灰、粉煤灰类基层可延迟性试验研究

石灰、粉煤灰类基层材料具有显著的施工可延迟性。文章就该特性分别从室内外进行研究,并从机理上进行分析,认为由于粉煤灰自身结构上的高聚合状态,及其与石灰之间的反应滞后性特点,使二灰材料推迟碾压成型3—7d左右的时间并不会影响基层结构强度的形成。     

公路沥青路面预防性养护技术研究

以相关研究成果为基础,对公路沥青路面预防性养护的各项关键技术进行系统研究和阐述。以理论分析为主,结合室内试验和试验路观测,明确了路面预防性养护的定义和技术理念;分宏观和微观两个层面提出了公路沥青路面预防性养护的路况指标和标准;建立了预防性养护对策及措施选择的方法和流程,并给出了相应示例;以路面预养护措施的费用效益分析为核心提出了最佳预防性养护时间的确定方法和相关参数。该文提出的理论、方法、技术和参数初步建立了我国路面预养护的技术框架,可供相关的研究和应用参考。     

沥青混凝土路面预防性养护效益计算及参数

路面预养护效益分析是路面预养护技术的核心,是比选预养护方案和确定实施时机的前提。根据美国等路面预养护效益分析的经验,结合我国公路养护技术水平,对沥青混凝土路面预养护效益分析中的效益指标、效益计算基线和预养护时间范围展开了讨论;进而,提出我国现阶段沥青混凝土路面预养护分析中效益指标选用建议和它们计算下基线的参考值,以及预养护时间范围的控制指标和控制标准的建议值。