成都火车北站与地铁1号线的换乘效率评价

铁路客运站与城市轨道交通的换乘效率是衡量换乘组织工作的一个重要指标。本文针对换乘效率评价建立包括通道人均面积、流线冲突率、平均换乘时间、引导标志清晰度和自动设施设置度六个指标的评价体系。以成都火车北站为例，通过实地调查和统计资料计算指标值，应用模糊综合评价法给出评价结果，分析影响换乘效率的主要因素并提出改进建议，为轨道交通换乘组织及换乘设施的完善提供参考。     

The design of an in-vehicle assistance system to support eco-driving

This driving simulator study was the second of two studies investigating the most effective and acceptable in-vehicle system for the provision of guidance on fuel efficient accelerator usage. Three eco-driving interfaces were selected for test (a second-order display visual display with auditory alerts and two haptic accelerator pedal systems) following a pilot study of 12 different interfaces. These systems were tested in a range of eco-driving scenarios involving acceleration, deceleration and speed maintenance, and assessed through their effects on fuel economy, vehicle control, distraction, and driver subjective feedback. The results suggest that a haptic accelerator pedal system is most effective for preventing over-acceleration, whilst minimal differences were observed between systems in terms of the effect of the assistance provided to prevent under-acceleration. The visual–auditory interface lowered the time spent looking towards the road, indicating a potential negative impact on driver safety from using this modality to provide continuous green driving support. Subjective results were consistent with the objective findings, with haptic pedal systems creating lower perceived workload than a visual–auditory interface. Driver acceptability ratings suggested a slight favouring of a haptic-force system for its usefulness, whereas the more subtle haptic-stiffness system was judged more acceptable to use. These findings offer suggestions for the design of a user-friendly, eco-driving device that can help drivers improve their fuel economy, specifically through the provision of real-time guidance on the manipulation of the accelerator pedal position.     

电力推进科考船能效评估方法探索研究

以电力推进科考船为研究对象,分析了船舶能效管理计划(SEEMP)和智能船舶规范中货运船能效评估指标,结合科考船的实际情况,提出了适合电力推进科考船的能效评估指标,并通过实船能效计算验证指标的有效性,对电力推进科考船的能效评估进行了探索性研究,为后续研究提供参考。     

Fair dynamic resource allocation in transit-based evacuation planning

Resource allocation in transit-based emergency evacuation is studied in this paper. The goal is to find a method for allocation of resources to communities in an evacuation process which is (1) fair, (2) reasonably efficient, and (3) able to dynamically adapt to the changes to the emergency situation. Four variations of the resource allocation problem, namely maximum rate, minimum clearance time, maximum social welfare, and proportional fair resource allocation, are modeled and compared. It is shown that the optimal answer to each problem can be found efficiently. Additionally, a distributed and dynamic algorithm based on the Lagrangian dual approach, called PFD²A, is developed to find the proportional fair allocation of resources and update the evacuation process in real time whenever new information becomes available. Numerical results for a sample scenario are presented.     

Shifting urban freight deliveries to the off-peak hours: a review of theory and practice

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on off-peak hour deliveries (OPHD). The review identifies different approaches and policy levers used in the past, such as the laissez-faire approach, a road pricing approach, an incentives approach, and a regulatory approach. The paper also identifies different delivery reception schemes discussed in the literature. The authors complement the theory with a synthesis of pilot tests and the analysis of a set of interviews with practitioners (from the public sector and other organisations) in charge of OPHD programmes. The results from this review show the potential benefits that these programmes could bring about, the challenges faced in the early stages – along with potential solutions – and the significant progress that has been made in this domain in the last decade. According to the review, the results from the pilot tests tend to be positive, suggesting the importance of these programmes to reach more efficient and sustainable transportation systems.     

Operational profiles of ships in Norwegian waters: An activity-based approach to assess the benefits of hybrid and electric propulsion

Various regulations are imposed on shipping to increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Alternative fuels and power systems are among the solutions for compliance with these regulations. The power system of a ship may not operate optimally because of the diversity of the operational profile during its lifetime. This article uses an activity-based approach and big data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to study the operational profiles of eight ship types operating in Norwegian waters around mainland Norway in 2016. The aim is to identify ship types that can benefit from electric and hybrid propulsion through analysis of their operational profiles. Close to shore, the operational profiles of various ship types are similar, and all ships spend a great proportion of their time with lower loads. As the distance from shore increases, the operational profiles of various ship types follow distinct trends. Among the considered ship types, reefers spend more operational time close to the diesel engine design condition. On the other hand, offshore and passenger ships show the most dynamic operational profiles and spend a large percentage of their operational time with a partial load, away from diesel engine design conditions. Such ships can benefit from hybridisation, diesel-electric propulsion, and other electric concepts, such as batteries and fuel cells. Another option is to downsize diesel engines for better operation while fuel cells and batteries supply peak and partial loads. Operational profiles are plotted and details of the approach are presented in the article.     

中国出租汽车运营特征及启示

驾驶员与企业关系、运输服务质量是出租汽车行业两大核心问题。基于2013年交通运输业经济统计专项调查数据、城市客运统计年报数据以及出租汽车GPS监控信息统计等多源数据,分析中国出租汽车客运系统运营特征。以中心城市、地级市和县级市划分出租汽车服务城市的规模,以单班车、双班车和三班车划分出租汽车运营模式,总结出租汽车运力投放、日均行驶里程、空驶率、日均载客次数、利润等运营规律。基于分析结果提出3点启示:出租汽车行业改革宜根据城市的不同规模、类型进行分类指导;统筹考虑需求与供给、新技术发展并统一服务标志;兼具公共交通与私人交通双重属性,运营模式可多元化。     

不同交通方式的道路利用效率测度方法

道路交通拥堵问题的根本原因之一是交通量与道路面积之间的矛盾,而如何从微观角度定量测度不同交通方式的道路利用效率,尚没有成熟、公认的方法。围绕不同道路交通方式的客运周转量与运输过程占用的道路面积之间的关系,提出一种定量分析不同交通方式道路利用效率的测度方法。该方法反映了不同交通方式的载客量、运输距离、运输速度、运输过程的占路面积和占路时间等要素对道路交通的影响和作用机理。基于天津市区GPS车辆行驶数据,以小汽车、"步行+公交"出行方式为例,具体阐述该测度方法的应用。结果显示,完成同样运输量,小汽车道路占用面积是公共汽车的7倍。     

纵倾优化下的船舶能效数值模型

通过Fluent数值计算和Simulink建模仿真的方法,建立船舶的CFD计算模型及能确定转速(n)-航速(V_s)-船舶能效营运指数(EEOI)间对应关系的船舶能效准稳态仿真模型,进而分析不同工况下纵倾变化对船舶营运能效的影响。以定转速航行模式的46000t油轮为目标船,经模型的计算和船模试验的验证,发现适当纵倾可提高目标船的营运能效。结合相关海事公约法规,计算目标船的最佳纵倾在艉倾2.61m处,可降低EEOI达0.8%。