Does a carbon tax affect the feasibility of Arctic shipping?

The Arctic route has huge potential for shipping between Europe and Northeast Asia with significant savings in transit time and distance. However, GHG emissions from shipping would harm the environment of Arctic area. Potential Market Based Measures of GHG emission reduction (such as carbon tax) are under consideration but they may affect the economic viability of Northern Sea Route (NSR) for containerships. This paper investigates the economic viability of NSR against Suez Canal Route (SCR) under 2 proposed carbon tax schemes (fixed vs. progressive). Three different fuel oil types (Heavy Fuel Oil, Light Fuel Oil, Liquified Natural Gas) are used as main bunker fuel for the calculation of economic feasibility. Our result reveals that when there is no carbon tax on NSR nor SCR, or both routes are under a carbon tax scheme, no matter fixed or progressive, NSR is more economically viable, regardless of fuel type choice. When only NSR is under a carbon tax scheme, the viability depends on specific carbon tax scheme and fuel choice, but for the majority of containership sizes, NSR has lower unit cost. The result also suggests that for a given route, a progressive scheme in preferable than a fixed one and LNG would be an appealing fuel with lower unit cost.     

沥青混凝土路面应用温拌技术的经济节能环保探讨

文章以贵州省江口至玉屏高速为例,介绍了沥青混合料温拌技术的应用现状和技术优势,从造价、节能、减排三个方面重点研究了沥青混合料温拌技术与热拌技术分析比较。得出结论:采用温拌技术对路面造价影响较大,增幅达到60%~80%,节约能源消耗30%,减少有害气体排放达到50%。因此,应着力研发一种价格低廉性能良好的温拌技术,使其更广泛地应用于沥青路面建设,从而建设"资源节约型"、"环境友好型"社会,共创国家生态文明建设。     

模糊需求下快捷货物低碳运输方式及路径选择

针对模糊需求下的低碳快捷货运运输方式选择及路径规划问题,运用模糊优化理论,以2-型三角模糊变量表示不确定需求,以运输成本和碳排放量为目标,建立多目标模糊机会约束规划模型。采用逼近理想解排序法对多目标进行处理,得出不同置信水平下的快捷货物运输方案;进而探讨置信参数变化时对运输成本及碳排放量的影响,分析运输成本及碳排放量随运输时间的变化情况。研究结果表明:碳排放量对快捷货物运输方式及路径选择具有一定影响;需求不确定时,在满足运到时限的前提下,合理选择运输方式和路径对于降低运输成本和减少碳排放具有重要意义。     

基于工作流和快速开发平台技术的企业节能减排项目管理系统设计

以工作流技术为核心对企业节能减排项目管理系统进行建模,从而使项目管理的业务逻辑和具体功能独立开来,达到项目管理的统一、有序的管理,提高管理系统的兼容性和整体协作性,使系统的组织更顺畅,工作流程更灵活、适应性更强。采用快速开发平台技术,通过参数定制的方式进行开发,相较于传统的编程开发模式,通过对智能报表、数据维护、MVC业务控制和其他参数的管理,可以方便、快速、高质量地开发复杂的业务系统。     

Modeling the impacts of alternative emission trading schemes on international shipping

Various market-based measures have been proposed to reduce CO₂ emissions from international shipping. One promising mechanism under consideration is the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). This study analyzes and benchmarks the economic implications of two alternative ETS mechanisms, namely, an open ETS compared to a Maritime only ETS (METS). The analytical solutions and model calibration results allow us to quantify the impacts of alternative ETS schemes on the container shipping sector and the dry bulk shipping sector. It is found that an ETS, whether open or maritime only, will decrease shipping speed, carrier outputs and fuel consumption for both the container and dry bulk sectors, even in the presence of a “wind-fall” profit to shipping companies. Under an open ETS, the dry bulk sector will suffer from a higher proportional reduction in output than the container sector, and will thus sell more emission permits or purchase fewer permits. Under an METS, container carriers will buy emission permits from the dry bulk side. In addition, under an METS the degree of competition within one sector will have spill-over effects on the other sector. Specifically, when the sector that sells (buys) permits is more collusive (competitive), the equilibrium permit price will rise. This study provides a framework for identifying the moderating effects of market structure and competition between firms on emission reduction schemes, and emphasizes the importance of understanding the differential impacts of ETS schemes on individual sectors within an industry when considering alternative policies.     

UHPC微裂纹在蒸汽环境中的快速愈合机制

为了在蒸汽环境中快速修复超高性能混凝土（UHPC）浇筑过程中产生的收缩裂纹和结构服役过程中产生的裂纹，加速UHPC结构刚度和抗渗性能的恢复，需要确定不同损伤程度的微裂纹在蒸汽环境中的快速愈合机制。因此，选取拉伸变形（应变为1 000×10^-6，1 500×10^-6，2 000×10^-6）作为损伤指标，将损伤开裂后的UHPC试件分别放置在蒸汽环境中1，3，5 d，研究微裂纹在蒸汽环境中的快速愈合机制。通过直接拉伸试验、气体渗透试验和声发射分析不同拉伸变形的UHPC试件在蒸汽环境中的自愈合行为。拉伸试验结果表明：放置在蒸汽环境中，预裂试件的弹性模量的恢复程度随着拉伸变形的增大而减小，但依然大于预裂至相同拉伸应变的未愈合试件（放置在室内环境中）的弹性模量。刚度恢复程度随着放置在蒸汽环境时间的增长而增大，但愈合到一定程度后，延长放置时间对愈合的效果不明显。采用气体渗透试验表征了微裂纹的愈合程度，结果表明蒸汽环境中的微裂纹能快速愈合，但随着拉伸变形的增加，自愈合的程度减小，表明拉伸变形越大，微裂纹越多，自愈合产物填充所需时间越长。声发射分析表明：UHPC内部发生损伤时才会产生声发射源，在重新加载阶段，对于已经愈合的微裂纹，在微裂纹的2个界面之间新形成的晶体会再次开裂，此时会检测到声发射源。然而，对于未愈合的微裂纹重新张开时，则不会产生声发射源，直至旧裂纹发展和新裂纹的产生才会产生声发射源。     

迈腾轿车加速不良故障检修

发动机加速不良的原因很多,既有油路方面的原因,也有电路方面的原因,还有进、排气系统方面的原因。本文主要以电控发动机工作原理和维修实例为依据,分析迈腾1.8 TSI手自一体轿车由于排气管堵塞造成加速不良的诊断思路、方法、步骤。     

汽油发动机尾气的售后治理措施

汽油发动机尾气主要成分是CO、HC、NOx等,汽车尾气的治理是一个系统工程,在汽车服务领域对尾气的治理一般形成了规律性的治理方案和措施,尾气诊断仪能够实时检测汽车的污染物排放数据,同时还引导一线维修人员有针对性的治理尾气,实现了售后领域的维修过程、维修质量一系列的如实记载和跟踪,对提升服务质量和企业内部员工的技术素质起到了很好的设备保证,从汽车售后领域控制了汽车污染物的排放。     

高速布置型船舶的风帆设计及综合效能分析

针对国内研究较少的高速布置型船舶的风帆助航问题,基于船舶特点及风帆升阻力特性选定了帆型,设计了一套风帆加装方案。在结合历史气象统计数据的基础上,对风帆长期综合效能进行了分析。以一艘大连-烟台航线上高速客滚船为例,结合实船统计得到的此航线上的历史风场资源时空分布,对该船加帆后长期综合效能进行了计算,结果表明,所设计的风帆可较为显著地降低耗能并减少温室气体排放,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

相继增压对某型柴油机性能影响及喷油参数再优化

对某采用相继增压与可控进气涡流复合系统的柴油机建立了缸内仿真模型,分别对可控进气涡流系统和相继增压与可控进气涡流复合系统的燃烧过程进行仿真计算,结果表明,在低工况下后者排气中NOX、Soot的质量分数分别降低了54%和86.1%。并对相继增压与可控进气涡流复合系统柴油机喷油提前角、喷雾锥角进行了再优化仿真计算,结果表明,优化后喷油提前角为20°CA,喷雾锥角为155°。