Freight transportation demand: A survey of recent econometric studies

This paper surveys econometric studies of freight transportation demand which have been published since the mid-1970s. It describes the variables, data sources, and estimation procedures utilized by the studies. In addition, it summarizes their statistical results. The studies included in this survey typically accounted for freight rates and service characteristics (e.g., transit time and reliability). Data sources often varied across the studies.Based on the data they utilized, the surveyed studies are classified as either aggregate or disaggregate. The data in the aggregate studies consist of information on total flows by modes at the regional or national level, while the data in the disaggregate studies pertain to individual shipments. The earlier aggregate studies estimated linear logit models. It has been pointed out that when they are estimated on aggregate data these models are subject to certain shortcomings. To avoid these shortcomings, more recent aggregate studies have estimated flexible forms such as translog functions. The disaggregate studies surveyed in this paper used either logit or probit models.Statistical results often varied with the commodities analyzed, making it somewhat difficult to generalize the findings of the different studies. One finding common to several studies is that freight rates have a significant impact on shipment decisions. This paper discusses certain theoretical and empirical limitations of the surveyed studies. It also offers suggestions for future research in freight transport demand. Freight demand models can be used to examine various effects of the recent deregulation in freight transportation.     

Telecommuting and travel: state of the practice,state of the art

This paper provides an overview of the status of telecommuting in the United States, especially as it relates to changes in travel behavior. Regarding the state of the practice, the paper discusses some refinements to the definition of telecommuting that have developed through increased operational experience. It reports several policy statements involving telecommuting, and explores the appeal of telecommuting as a public policy instrument. It highlights some trends in the implementation of home-based and work center-based telecommuting, and suggests that visible public-sector involvement has been crucial to the increased activity in this area.In sketching the state of the art, the paper outlines some frequently-stated hypotheses on telecommuting and travel behavior, and summarizes current empirical findings relating to those hypotheses. Finally, it suggests a variety of topics suitable for further research. These include studying factors influencing the ultimate adoption levels of telecommuting; impacts on energy/air quality, mode choice, and location/urban form; interactions with other transportation demand management strategies; relationships to the traditional urban travel demand forecasting process; cost/benefit tradeoffs; and telecommuting centers.     

城市轨道交通可持续健康发展的关键问题

国内外城市轨道交通建设和运营的情况表明,城市轨道交通发展需要政府扶持。通过分析影响城市轨道交通可持续发展的主要问题,提出促进城市轨道交通可持续发展的有关建议。     

地铁车控室综合后备控制盘(IBP)功能需求分析

介绍了地铁车控室综合后备控制盘(IBP)的组成,对IBP工作台和马赛克盘面的功能需求进行了分析,并且提出了IBP工作台的布置原则,为地铁车控室设计,尤其是IBP的功能和布局设计提供了有价值的参考。     

基于主成分分析的居住区停车需求预测研究

在大量调查数据的基础上,通过停车特征参数的分析,提出了影响停车需求的多个因素。对其中的几个主要因素进行主成分分析,剔除权重最小的因素,建立了停车需求与剩余因素之间的预测模型。     

有轨电车延伸线客流预测方法在法国的实践

目前，为了改善交通情况和提高公共交通的使用率，法国Clermont-Ferrand正在进行该市一条有轨电车北延伸的可行性研究。以该市实际的交通情况为基础，使用经典四步骤法，完成了该有轨电车延伸段的客流预测。在研究期间，还使用了法国交通软件——MOSTRA。对于交通方式划分，使用了交通费用、行程时间、舒适度以及换乘次数作为参数。     

船舶融资租赁登记的行政风险研究

船舶融资租赁登记起到将物上权利登记公示后保护交易各方利益的重要功能。现行船舶融资租赁以光船租赁形式进行登记,存在将两者实质化混淆的行政风险。文中归纳了现行制度中船舶融资租赁登记的特有审查要点。然后依据《民法典》对特殊动产登记的定位,辨析了现行登记制度中将船舶权利登记行政化处理导致登记机关诉讼风险和社会资源浪费的现状。最后回归船舶融资租赁登记的社会价值,借鉴民用航空器登记制度、美国申明登记制度等从立法、部门规章及实务操作方面提出了完善船舶融资租赁登记制度的建议。     

Things planners believe in,and things they deny

The paper examines the economic theory of consumer behavior from the Modern Psychoanalytic point of view with a metaphor of (transport) planning as a backdrop. It is claimed that the utility maximization principle of economic theory, no matter how broadly interpreted, does not envelop the motivation of human behavior and that the economic explanation of the aims of human behavior, which disregards the "dark side" of man, will result in narrowly conceived plans and policies.The application of economic theory, and other social sciences, to public policy has led to disjointedness of data collection, method of analysis, and planning and implementation. This, combined with a tautological behavioral theory, has made the current planning and public policy procedures self-verifying, and issues an invitation for a new theoretical approach which is comprehensive, does not ignore complexity and the large "error term", and appreciates the unity of data collection, method of investigation, and process of implementation.It is argued that unsatisfactory performance of the transport system, large errors inherent in data and models, the inability of extant transportation planning and policy to address key issues successfully, the environmental problem, and the value of the individual all call for new kinds of skills from the planners and policy makers.Freud's dualistic formulation of instinctual drives -- the life and death instincts -- is used as the new framework of explanation. This theory is seen to offer a convincing, more realistic and deeper understanding of the forces motivating human behavior, and one which is more in accordance with observable facts. If applied, the theory will lead to significantly different planning processes and to a profoundly different approach to public policy.     

面向O-D时变需求的城轨列车运行计划优化方法

面向城轨客流时变需求,在给定乘客服务水平的限制下,耦合出行需求与列车始发时间,优化城轨线路列车运行计划,使得列车对数和列车车底数最小化。以具有单一尽头车场的列车运行计划优化问题为研究背景,将该问题分解为列车时刻表优化子问题和列车周转方案优化子问题。针对列车时刻表优化子问题,提出基于时刻表的客流分配方法,构建相应的列车时刻表优化模型,并设计列车时刻表双向关联序列化优化算法;针对列车周转方案优化子问题,建立相应的列车周转方案优化指派模型,同时设计求解该模型的匈牙利算法。算例分析表明:本优化产生的列车运行计划,在满足乘客服务水平的基础上,最大限度地降低了列车运行成本,依次使得列车对数、列车车底数最少,证明模型和算法的有效性。     

基于弹性需求的市域轨道交通快线快慢车开行方案研究

假定出行者可选择道路公交和市域轨道交通快线2种出行方式,在分析乘客广义出行费用的基础上,建立市域轨道交通快线的快慢车开行方案双层规划模型,用以研究弹性需求下多方式交通路网中市域快线快慢车开行方案。采用遗传算法进行求解,并选取某中小型城市的市域轨道交通快线进行了算例验证。算例结果表明:早高峰时段以1:5的比例开行快慢车,选择市域快线出行的乘客量将增加16.71%,总运营效益将提高13.26%。