PLC控制系统在沥青混凝土再生设备中的应用

阐述了ZLB60沥青混凝土再生设备自动配料系统的工作原理、硬件配置的电气原理和接口设置：利用自适应控制法解决了再生料称量系统落差补偿问题．给出了详细的主要程序控制流程图及与配套设备联机互动协调工作的方法。通过实际应用，证明该系统运行稳定，达到了设计的要求。     

Nonlinear modelling of high-speed catenary based on analytical expressions of cable and truss elements

Due to the intrinsic nonlinear characteristics and complex structure of the high-speed catenary system, a modelling method is proposed based on the analytical expressions of nonlinear cable and truss elements. The calculation procedure for solving the initial equilibrium state is proposed based on the Newton–Raphson iteration method. The deformed configuration of the catenary system as well as the initial length of each wire can be calculated. Its accuracy and validity of computing the initial equilibrium state are verified by comparison with the separate model method, absolute nodal coordinate formulation and other methods in the previous literatures. Then, the proposed model is combined with a lumped pantograph model and a dynamic simulation procedure is proposed. The accuracy is guaranteed by the multiple iterative calculations in each time step. The dynamic performance of the proposed model is validated by comparison with EN 50318, the results of the finite element method software and SIEMENS simulation report, respectively. At last, the influence of the catenary design parameters (such as the reserved sag and pre-tension) on the dynamic performance is preliminarily analysed by using the proposed model.     

Introduction of variability into pantograph–catenary dynamic simulations

Currently, pantograph–catenary dynamic simulations are mainly based on deterministic approaches. However, the contact force between catenary and pantograph depends on many key parameters that are not always quantified precisely and can vary in time and space. To get a better chance of addressing extreme or combined critical conditions, methodologies to consider variability are thus necessary. Aerodynamic forces and geometrical irregularities of catenaries are thought to be significant sources of variability in measurement and this paper proposes methods to take them into account. Results are compared with measurements to correlate the effect of the considered parameters with experimentally observed variability. Finally, a virtual certification example is shown, with a study of the influence of speed on the impact of variability.     

Application of the structural articulation method to dynamic impact loading of railway bridges – a case study

This article demonstrates a practical application of the structural articulation method. An existing prototype railway bridge was selected to compare our new method with the industry codes of practice. The response history and dynamic increment of the bridge were investigated through a variety of methods: lump sum mass analysis (LSMA) and suspension system analysis (SSA) for a single-axle force, and SSA for multi-axle forces. We considered both a local irregularity and a global sinusoidal irregularity. The dynamic impact load induced by either form of track irregularity increases approximately linearly with the vehicle speed up to a certain point, then tends to decrease gradually. This behaviour reveals that the dynamic impact load induced by track irregularities is dominated by the resonance of the bridge. If a bridge must support multiple axles, or if an especially accurate dynamic impact factor is required for safety reasons, then multi-axle SSA is recommended because this approach is the most accurate and likely to produce a weaker response than single-axle analysis. The random irregularity is generated by the stochastic track irregularity process. It is found that the dynamic impact load induced by the random irregularity is negligible, compared with the deterministic irregularity.     

Simulation of dynamic interaction between train and railway turnout

Dynamic train-track interaction is more complex in railway turnouts (switches and crossings) than that in ordinary tangent or curved tracks. Multiple contacts between wheel and rail are common, and severe impact loads with broad frequency contents are induced, when nominal wheel-rail contact conditions are disturbed because of the continuous variation in rail profiles and the discontinuities in the crossing panel. The absence of transition curves at the entry and exit of the turnout, and the cant deficiency, leads to large wheel-rail contact forces and passenger discomfort when the train is switching into the turnout track. Two alternative multibody system (MBS) models of dynamic interaction between train and a standard turnout design are developed. The first model is derived using a commercial MBS software. The second model is based on a multibody dynamics formulation, which may account for the structural flexibility of train and track components (based on finite element models and coordinate reduction methods). The variation in rail profile is accounted for by sampling the cross-section of each rail at several positions along the turnout. Contact between the back of the wheel flange and the check rail, when the wheelset is steered through the crossing, is considered. Good agreement in results from the two models is observed when the track model is taken as rigid.     

多跨充液管道的振动特性分析

考虑管道与液体之间的泊松耦合与结合部耦合,推导了低频情况下的充液直管轴向、横向振动传递矩阵与刚性支撑的点距阵.使用传递矩阵法计算两种边界条件下单跨和多跨充液管道的模态频率及模态振型.结果表明,在充液管道振动分析中,流固耦合作用不能忽略,多跨管道系统由于刚性支撑的加入使系统频率增加.     

Long-term wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviour of a conformal wheel profile designed for large radius curves

There are many reasons to optimise the wheel–rail interface through redesign or maintenance. Minimising wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) initiation on wheels and/or rails is often at the forefront of such considerations. This paper covers the design of a conformal wheel profile and its long-term wear and RCF performance to optimise the wheel–rail interface and subsequently reduce the occurrence of surface-initiated RCF on South Africa’s iron ore export line. A comparative study is performed using multibody dynamics simulation together with numerical wheel wear and RCF predictions. The advantages of a conformal wheel profile design are illustrated by evaluating the worn shape and resulting contact conditions of the conformal design. The conformal design has a steadier equivalent conicity progression and a smaller conicity range compared with the current wheel profile design over the wheel’s wear life. The combination of a conformal wheel profile design with 2?mm hollow wear and inadequate adherence to grinding tolerances often result in two-point contact, thereby increasing the probability of RCF initiation. The conformal wheel profile design proved to have wear and potential RCF benefits compared with the current wheel profile design. However, implementation of such a conformal wheel profile must be accompanied by improved rail grinding practices to ensure rail profile compliance.     

基于离散-连续耦合的落锤-路面动态相互作用研究

落锤冲击是一种典型的中低速碰撞，也是现今工程技术中的重要力学问题。在公路工程领域，一方面利用落锤产生的巨大瞬时冲击力达到压实、加固、微裂、破碎、检测等目的，另一方面是避免过大的冲击力对结构物产生破坏作用。为了探索落锤-路面动态相互作用规律，基于PFC5.0 Suite和FLAC3D构建了离散-连续耦合模型，模拟无损和有损状态下水泥路面板承受落锤冲击过程中加速度的变化规律。通过路面无损状态下的仿真结果分析发现：①落锤冲击加速度曲线拥有多个波峰和波谷，且均与路面和落锤参数具有相关性；②冲击加速度峰值与落锤高度和水泥板模量正相关，而与落锤质量负相关；③落锤高度对冲击持续时间影响不大，而落锤质量将显著增长冲击持续时间。通过路面有损状态下的仿真结果分析，发现：①冲击加速度曲线特征点与路面破损状态密切相关；②随着水泥面板破损程度增大，冲击加速度值整体减小，冲击持续时间延长；③落锤高度和质量对路面破损模式的影响差异较大，前者主要引起表面破损，而后者主要引起底部破损。研究认为：落锤冲击加速度特征值与路面破损程度和破损模式之间存在密切的关联，相关研究结果可用于路面破损检测、破碎或微裂状态评价等实际工程中，同时也可为工程器械的改进和研发提供基础支撑。     

基于主动翼板的桥梁颤振次最优控制

颤振是大跨度桥梁抗风设计中的关键问题。通过对颤振进行主动控制影响桥梁的气动形态从而改变作用于结构上的气动力，达到抑制颤振的目的，对于大跨度桥梁的颤振控制是行之有效的手段。但是桥梁的颤振主动控制涉及到气动力的获取和控制率的优化问题，迄今未能完全解决。结合桥梁主动控制前期研究并借鉴航空领域中的颤振主动控制原理，研究了基于主动翼板的桥梁颤振控制问题；基于机翼-副翼理论和颤振导数形式给出了流线箱梁-主动翼板的自激气动力表达式，同时考虑主梁钝体特性和其与主动翼板气动干扰效应；由流线箱梁-主动翼板的气动力表达式和试验控制的诉求，采用次最优控制理论，构造基于少数状态变量的桥梁颤振系统反馈控制方程。根据流线箱梁-主动翼板气动力表达式和次最优控制理论，针对平板-翼板和流线箱梁-翼板系统，首先由数值风洞获取系统的气动力，并采用自编程序解算次最优颤振控制律；最后通过计算流体动力学（CFD）流固耦合数值仿真对控制效果进行检验。结果表明：对于平板-翼板系统，基于流线箱梁-主动翼板气动力表达式而获取的颤振导数与理论解吻合，验证了该气动力表达式的准确性，可用于后续控制分析；结合系统的气动力，次最优控制率在超越无控制结构的临界风速下，能够快速抑振。据此，主梁-翼板系统的次最优控制可面向实际抑制桥梁颤振，并提高颤振临界风速。