密桩桥台桥型分析

对于目前国内高速公路改扩建工程预留构造物的问题进行了分析,并在沈阳绕城高速公路改扩建工程中采用了一种安全可靠、经济合理的新桥型方案。对该桥型的特点及关键部分受力情况进行了分析阐述,介绍了其施工过程,为今后设置类似构造物提供参考。     

Environmental innovation and the role of stakeholder collaboration in West Coast port gateways

The paper explores the role of stakeholder collaboration in the adoption of innovations as part of the environmental and sustainability agenda of port gateways. We do this through a comparative assessment of the port of Vancouver, British Columbia, and the twin ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, California. An inductive research approach is used to identify and assess the initiation and implementation process behind exemplary innovations. Innovation includes new technologies and processes for handling and moving cargo, mechanisms for planning and policy making, as well as financing, implementing, upgrading, managing and operating infrastructure systems. A relatively new arena for competition on the basis of innovation concerns environmental performance. The conceptual framework and empirical evidence suggest that while there may be intense demand for and supply of innovation in port gateways, the complex dynamics of the logistics chain are such that successful innovation requires conscious involvement and collaboration of stakeholders.     

Assessment of energy-saving techniques in direct-current-electrified mass transit systems

Railway rapid transit systems are key stones for the sustainability of mass transit in developed countries. The overwhelming majority of these railway systems are direct-current (DC) electrified and several energy-saving techniques have been proposed in the literature for these systems. The use of regenerative-braking in trains is generally recognised as the main tool to improve the efficiency of DC-electrified mass transit railway systems but the energy recovered in braking cannot always be handled efficiently, above all in low traffic-density situations. Several emerging technologies as energy storage systems or reversible traction substations have the potential for making it possible to efficiently use train-braking. However, a systematic evaluation of their effect is missing in the literature.In this paper, a deep, rigorous and comprehensive study on the factors which affect energy issues in a DC-electrified mass transit railway system is carried out. This study clarifies what the actual potential is for energy saving in each situation. Then, a methodology to asses several energy-saving techniques to improve energy efficiency in DC-electrified mass transit systems is presented, constituting the main contribution of this paper. This methodology has been conceived to help operators in assessing the effect of railway-infrastructure emerging technologies in transit systems, so making it possible to shape planning, capacity, etc. It is stepped out in three basic movements. First of all, a traffic-density scan analysis is conducted in order to clarify the effect of the headway on system behaviour. Secondly, several traffic-density scenarios are simulated for a set of infrastructure-expanded cases. Finally, annual energy saving is evaluated by applying a realistic operation timetable. This methodology has been applied to a case study in Madrid Metro (Spain) to illustrate the steps of its application and the effect of several energy-saving techniques on this specific system. Results confirm that regenerative braking generally leads to an important increase of system energy efficiency – especially at high traffic-density scenarios. It has also been proved that infrastructure improvements can also contribute to energy savings and their contributions are more significant at low traffic densities. Annual energy results have been obtained, which may lead to investment decisions by carrying out an appropriate economic assessment based on cost analysis.The main results of the study presented here are likely to apply to other electric traction systems, at least qualitatively.     

系统最优的动态交通网络流分配模型的研究

智能交通系统是一个复杂的大系统。交通网络配流是智能交通系统的一个关键问题,其中对交通网络配流模型的建立和算法的设计是非常重要的。通过建立系统最优的动态交通网络流分配的最优控制模型,并经过一系列的积分变换转化为一种简单而特殊的非线性规划问题。文中只是局限于对最优控制模型进行化简,目的是为了进一步研究已简化模型的有关性质和算法的设计。     

Variational principles in water-wave problems (wave radiation conditions and their variational treatment)

To discuss water-wave problems in unlimited waters, it is important to know what type of wave radiation condition should be placed on a virtual surface corresponding to infinity. For this kind of problem, the Sommerfeld radiation condition is well known. In this article, the condition is extended to treat a case with an incident wave. Furthermore, a more general wave radiation condition is introduced from a different point of view. The above-mentioned wave radiation conditions are introduced into the variational principles of the Kelvin, Hellinnger–Reissner, and Dirichlet type. The Dirichlet-type variational principles are then used in numerical calculations for bending waves in a bar, and the effectiveness of the wave radiation conditions and the variational principles is shown. The numerical results for one-dimensional water-wave problems are then given. As expected, the region required for the numerical solution is reduced drastically compared with that required by the Sommerfeld-type formulation. Furthermore, the amplitude of the diverging wave is obtained in the process of reaching the variational solution. Finally, two-dimensional water-wave problems are briefly discussed. Received: August 9, 2001 / Accepted: September 17, 2001     

Dynamics of inorganic nutrient species in the Bohai seawaters

Within the frame of a Sino-German Joint Research Program, two cruises of “R/V Dong Fang Hong 2” were carried out in September–October 1998 and April–May 1999, respectively, to understand the dynamics of nutrients in the Bohai. Nutrient species (NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻ and SiO₃²⁻) are determined colorimetrically on board for five anchor and 30 grid stations. In situ incubation experiments are performed to determine planktonic nutrient uptake and benthic exchange flux. Nutrient concentrations display short-term variability and seasonal change in the Bohai, with higher levels in shallow coastal waters than in the Central Bohai. The influence of riverine discharge on nutrient levels can be seen from salinity isopleths, nutrient distribution and species ratios. Near-bottom (nb) waters have similar nutrient concentrations as to the surface waters in the Central Bohai, whereas stratification takes place in the Bohai Strait and North Yellow Sea. In situ incubation experiments provide evidence that the uptake ratio (i.e. N, P) by phytoplankton is proportional to the ratios among nutrient species in ambient waters. Based on the data of this study and previously publications, a preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets via riverine input and atmospheric deposition is established. The results indicate that atmospheric deposition gains importance over rivers in delivering nutrients into the Bohai and sustain the new production, following recent decrease in riverine inflow caused by drought periods in North China and damming practices. A historical review of nutrient data indicates that concentrations of nitrogen increase and phosphorus and silica decrease in the Central Bohai over last 40 years. This potentially has an important influence on the health of ecosystem in Bohai (e.g. food web and community structure), though further study is needed to examine the scenario in more detail.     

Variability of the Bohai Sea circulation based on model calculations

The circulation and the hydrography of the Bohai Sea are simulated with the Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM). The model is three-dimensional, prognostic baroclinic and has a resolution of 5 min in latitude and longitude and 10 layers in the vertical. It is initialised and forced with the five main tidal constituents, temperature and salinity distributions taken from the Levitus database, monthly mean river run-off values and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) re-analysed data of air pressure, wind stress and of those parameters relevant for the calculation of heat fluxes. The simulation period covers 14 years from 1980 to 1993 due to the availability of the time-dependent ECMWF forcing.The results are analysed by means of time series and EOFs focussing on the interpretation of fluctuations with periods above the tidal cycle. Furthermore, tracer simulations are carried out and turnover times are calculated in order to evaluate the importance of these fluctuations on the renewal and transport of water masses in the Bohai Sea.One of the major outcomes of the investigation is the overall dominance of the annual cycle in all hydrographic parameters and the importance of stochastic weather fluctuations on the transport of water masses in the Bohai Sea.     

城轨车辆辅助逆变器设计选型与发展趋势

城轨车辆采用静止辅助逆变器作为逆变电源。文章简要介绍了常见的几种辅助逆变器的拓扑结构,比较了它们的优缺点,重点介绍了高频隔离变压器方案,并对未来辅助逆变器的发展趋势作出展望。     

存量城市轨道交通项目PPP模式选择研究

从众多PPP模式中选择出与存量城市轨道交通项目最为匹配的模式,是保障存量城市轨道交通PPP项目成功运作的前提。通过分析PPP模式特征并细化分类,以存量项目的适用性为原则,初步选出存量项目适用的PPP模式。从政府的角度出发,根据存量城市轨道交通PPP项目特点,建立相应的模式选择指标体系。引入熵权灰靶理论,构建存量城市轨道交通项目PPP模式选择模型。以大连市快轨3号线存量项目为例验证模型的可行性和实用性,为我国存量城市轨道交通PPP项目决策的理论与实践提供参考。     

地铁车辆称重设备介绍和称重线布置方式探讨

地铁车辆质量、车辆轴重与轮重是车辆的重要技术指标。地铁车辆大修后这些指标是否达到设计要求,需要称重设备验证。介绍地铁车辆称重设备的种类、称重原理及称重方法,结合称重设备的类型,对其在车辆修理工艺设计的影响和称重设备在大、架修库内的布置方式进行探讨。