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31.
Downs (1962) and Thomson (1977) suggested that highway capacity expansion may produce counterproductive effects on the two-mode (auto and transit) transport system (Downs–Thomson Paradox). This paper investigates the occurrence of this paradox when transit authority can have different economic objectives (profit-maximizing or breakeven) and operating schemes (frequency, fare, or both frequency and fare). For various combinations of economic objectives and operating schemes, the interaction between highway expansion and transit service is explored, as well as its impact on travelers’ mode choices and travel utilities. Further, for each combination, the conditions for occurrence of the Downs–Thomson Paradox are established. We show that the paradox never occurs when transit authority is profit-maximizing, but it is inevitable when the transit authority is running to maximize travelers’ utility while maintaining breakeven. This is because the former transit authority tends to enhance transit service (e.g., raise frequency or reduce fare) when facing an expanded highway; and on the contrary, the latter tends to compromise transit service (e.g., reduce frequency or raise fare). Both analytical and numerical examples are provided to verify the theoretical results. 相似文献
32.
33.
Traffic management during an evacuation and the decision of where to locate the shelters are of critical importance to the performance of an evacuation plan. From the evacuation management authority’s point of view, the desirable goal is to minimize the total evacuation time by computing a system optimum (SO). However, evacuees may not be willing to take long routes enforced on them by a SO solution; but they may consent to taking routes with lengths not longer than the shortest path to the nearest shelter site by more than a tolerable factor. We develop a model that optimally locates shelters and assigns evacuees to the nearest shelter sites by assigning them to shortest paths, shortest and nearest with a given degree of tolerance, so that the total evacuation time is minimized. As the travel time on a road segment is often modeled as a nonlinear function of the flow on the segment, the resulting model is a nonlinear mixed integer programming model. We develop a solution method that can handle practical size problems using second order cone programming techniques. Using our model, we investigate the importance of the number and locations of shelter sites and the trade-off between efficiency and fairness. 相似文献
34.
This paper proposes the adoption of an integrated inventory and transportation system (IITS) to minimize the total costs of inventory and transportation. A non-linear programing is developed by analyzing transportation and inventory costs with one supplier and many retailers in the distribution environment. The paper compares the proposed model with the traditional approach in computing total costs with numerical data. The results indicate that the total costs can be optimized by adopting integrated programing rather than the traditional approach, along with achieving improved customer service levels. In particular, sensitivity analysis is applied to determine the performance of the IITS under various transportation costs, holding costs and shortage costs. It shows that the transportation cost per unit is most sensitive in the proposed model. In this situation, the IITS is more effective for cost saving when set-up cost, holding and shortage costs are high, but is less effective for situations involving high per-unit transportation costs. 相似文献
35.
雷达波频率反映了组成地层的岩性变化,有助于识别地层,当电磁波通过不同介质界面时,电磁波频率将发生明显变化。为研究区域地质情况与地质雷达波频率的关系,在大量地质雷达隧道超前预报报告和实测数据的基础上,通过对不同围岩类型雷达波频率的统计,按照围岩等级、岩性、水文情况3个方面进行了分析。通过分析得出地质雷达波频率与围岩等级相关关系的统计分析结果: 不同等级围岩的雷达波频率范围有明显差异,围岩工程性质差,频率变低;不同水文状况的同等级围岩,波形频率分布无明显变化。 相似文献
36.
利用Abaqus有限元软件建立三维沥青路面结构模型,对沥青路面结构的自振频率进行研究,并采用现场实测与室内试验验证该模型的合理性。以半刚性基层沥青路面为重点,对不同路基路面结构参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:模型与实测数据之间的误差约为7%,模型合理;典型的半刚性基层沥青路面的自振频率一般在10~20Hz之间;面层和基层的模量变化对沥青路面的自振频率基本无影响,但随着它们厚度的增加,基频有减小趋势,厚度每增加5cm基频减小0.2Hz左右,第2~10阶的自振频率无变化;基频随着垫层模量的增加呈小幅度增加,而随着厚度的增加基频减小,厚度每增加5cm基频减小0.2Hz左右,第2~10阶的自振频率不受结构组合的影响;路基模量对沥青路面的自振频率影响较大,基频和第2~10阶的自振频率均随路基模量的增加而增加,增量2~3Hz/10MPa之间,且路基模量增加时,第2~10阶的自振频率增量比基频增量大0.6Hz左右。 相似文献
37.
《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2012,50(9):1403-1421
Damage to the surface of railway wheels and rails commonly occurs in most railways. If not detected, it can result in the rapid deterioration and possible failure of rolling stock and infrastructure components causing higher maintenance costs. This paper presents an investigation into the modelling and simulation of wheel-flat and rail surface defects. A simplified mathematical model was developed and a series of experiments were carried out on a roller rig. The time–frequency analysis is a useful tool for identifying the content of a signal in the frequency domain without losing information about its time domain characteristics. Because of this, it is widely used for dynamic system analysis and condition monitoring and has been used in this paper for the detection of wheel flats and rail surface defects. Three commonly used time–frequency analysis techniques: Short-Time Fourier Transform, Wigner–Ville transform and wavelet transform were investigated in this work. 相似文献
38.
Parameters optimisation of a vehicle suspension system using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm
《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2012,50(4):449-474
The purpose of this paper is to determine the lumped suspension parameters that minimise a multi-objective function in a vehicle model under different standard PSD road profiles. This optimisation tries to meet the rms vertical acceleration weighted limits for human sensitivity curves from ISO 2631 [ISO-2631: guide for evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Europe; 1997] at the driver's seat, the road holding capability and the suspension working space. The vehicle is modelled in the frequency domain using eight degrees of freedom under a random road profile. The particle swarm optimisation and sequential quadratic programming algorithms are used to obtain the suspension optimal parameters in different road profile and vehicle velocity conditions. A sensitivity analysis is performed using the obtained results and, in Class G road profile, the seat damping has the major influence on the minimisation of the multi-objective function. The influence of vehicle parameters in vibration attenuation is analysed and it is concluded that the front suspension stiffness should be less stiff than the rear ones when the driver's seat relative position is located forward the centre of gravity of the car body. Graphs and tables for the behaviour of suspension parameters related to road classes, used algorithms and velocities are presented to illustrate the results. In Class A road profile it was possible to find optimal parameters within the boundaries of the design variables that resulted in acceptable values for the comfort, road holding and suspension working space. 相似文献
39.
40.
用MATLAB计算发动机悬置系统的固有频率和主振型 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
介绍了计算发动机橡胶悬置系统固有频率和主振型的过程,利用MATLAB编程并验证程序的正确性。通过程序的运行,能快速获得悬置振动系统的固有特性,为设计人员判断悬置系统是否会发生共振提供理论依据,也为进一步分析系统的响应打下了必要的基础。 相似文献