Reduction of skin friction by microbubbles and its relation with near-wall bubble concentration in a channel

Determination of the flow structure near the wall is essential for a clear insight into the phenomenon of skin friction reduction by microbubbles in a turbulent boundary layer. An important parameter, is the bubble concentration or void fraction in the wall region in drag-reducing conditions. The purpose of this paper is to show drag-reducing effects due to microbubbles in a water channel and, more importantly, to show the dependence of the drag-reduction values on the near-wall void fraction. A two-dimensional channel with an aspect ratio of 10 was specially built for this purpose with provisions for air injection through porous plates. Skin friction was directly measured by a miniature floating element transducer with a 5-mm circular sensing disk mounted flush on the top wall 67 channel-heights downstream of the injector. The wall friction in the presence of air bubbles was found to be reduced under the same bulk velocity when compared with the value without air. Detailed void fraction profiles across the channel were obtained by a sampling probe and a fiber-optic probe. Better collapse of the drag reduction data, independent of different profile shapes, was found when plotted against the near-wall void fraction than against a cross-sectional mean void fraction. While this dependence reconfirms that the phenomena are essentially inner-region dependent, the lack of influence of the bubble distribution patterns away from the wall implies lack of outer region influence.     

Sideslip angle estimation based on input–output linearisation with tire–road friction adaptation

An adaptive sideslip angle observer considering tire–road friction adaptation is proposed in this paper. The single-track vehicle model with nonlinear tire characteristics is adopted. The tire parameters can be easily obtained through road test data without using special test rigs. Afterwards, this model is reconstructed and a high-gain observer (HGO) based on input–output linearisation is derived. The observer stability is analysed. Experimental results have confirmed that the HGO has a better computational efficiency with the same accuracy when compared with the extended Kalman filter and the Luenberger observer. Finally, a road friction adaptive algorithm based on vehicle lateral dynamics is proposed and validated through driving simulator data. As long as the tires work in the nonlinear region, the maximal friction coefficient could be estimated. This algorithm has excellent portability and is also suitable for other observers.     

Effective assessment of tyre–road friction coefficient using a hybrid estimator

Vehicle stability and active safety control depend heavily on tyre forces available on each wheel of a vehicle. Since tyre forces are strongly affected by the tyre–road friction coefficient, it is crucial to optimise the use of the adhesion limits of the tyres. This study presents a hybrid method to identify the road friction limitation; it contributes significantly to active vehicle safety. A hybrid estimator is developed based on the three degrees-of-freedom vehicle model, which considers longitudinal, lateral and yaw motions. The proposed hybrid estimator includes two sub-estimators: one is the vehicle state information estimator using the unscented Kalman filter and another is the integrated road friction estimator. By connecting two sub-estimators simultaneously, the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the road friction coefficient. The performance of the proposed estimation algorithm is validated in CarSim/Matlab co-simulation environment under three different road conditions (high-μ, low-μ and mixed-μ). Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can assess vehicle states and road friction coefficient with good accuracy.     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

预应力混凝土连续曲线箱梁预应力效应分析

曲线箱形梁桥是空间复杂受力结构体系,预应力钢束产生的径向分布力是预应力混凝土曲线箱梁产生扭矩的主要原因之一。采用组合有限元法和简化方法分析曲线箱梁中预应力所产生的效应,得出预应力作用产生的内力和变形的变化趋势,为进一步完善曲线预应力混凝土箱梁桥的设计提供了依据。     

某海域松散砂层钻探成孔问题的探讨

针对某港口工程海域松散砂层钻探成孔中,多次出现的塌孔和涌砂致使取土困难不能进行原位测试的问题,在实际操作中经过反复试验,采用加重泥浆护壁和投放粘土球等办法,增加钻孔孔底的压力和孔壁的泥皮厚度,使层压水不易向钻孔内渗流,并通过适当控制钻进速度最终解决了钻探成孔问题,保证了工程地质勘察资料的准确性、真实性.     

多因素影响下顶管施工引起土体变形计算研究

为解决圆形顶管施工穿越特殊地层(如下穿切割塑料排水板)时引起地层变形的影响分析等问题,考虑刀盘挤土效应产生的正面附加压力、顶管与土体之间非均匀分布的侧向摩擦力,因塑料排水管的切削而不能忽略的顶管机刀盘的正面摩擦力引起的地层变形,基于Mindlin解得到在顶管施工阶段地表竖向位移计算公式;最后结合顶管工程项目实例验证计算方法的合理性,并与实测结果对比。分析结果表明:考虑多因素共同影响的地表沉降曲线与现场实测值较为吻合,能够反映顶管顶进过程中纵向地表沉降规律,总体表现为先隆起后沉降。沉降最大值位于开挖面后方8 m左右处;隆起最大值位于开挖面前方5 m左右处。在本文所考虑的影响因素中,影响程度最大的是顶管刀盘的正面附加推力,在沉降变形最大值中占比约为80%,在隆起变形最大值中占比约为56%。选取不同断面分析对比不同深度处土体沉降情况,沉降突变及差异主要表现在顶管轴线两侧12 m范围内。沉降槽曲线近似服从正态分布,不同土层深度的土体沉降最大值均位于顶管轴线正下方。在土体深层沉降中,随着与顶管轴线距离的增加,曲线不再满足随着深度的增加沉降值增大,反而在距离轴线4~6 m远处出现反转,直至随着深度的增加沉降值反而减小。     

考虑走滑断裂活动影响的公路隧道初始地应力场反演分析

为了使跨活动断裂带区域地应力反演结果更加符合实际，提出了考虑走滑断裂活动影响的公路隧道初始地应力场反演思路。通过在断裂带与两侧岩体之间建立接触单元，采用边界位移荷载实现了断裂带两侧岩体的相对挤压及滑动作用。依托华坪至丽江高速公路东马场1号隧道工程，对比分析了采用常规边界荷载和考虑走滑边界荷载2种情况下隧址区地应力场的反演结果。研究结果表明:考虑走滑边界荷载反演得到的地应力场更加符合实际且精度更高；常规边界荷载的最大残差为2.29 MPa，而走滑边界荷载的最大残差仅为0.66 MPa，其残差平方和也均小于常规边界荷载；在断裂带附近，考虑走滑活动影响的最大、最小水平应力值相对常规边界均有所减小，上盘岩体垂直应力也相对减小，下盘岩体受上盘岩体的影响垂直应力相对增大，符合跨断层岩体区域实际地应力场的分布规律；隧址区整体表现为水平应力大于垂直应力，以水平构造应力为主。     

Research on the pipeline walking caused by cyclic increasing soil friction for free deep-sea submarine pipelines laid on even seabed

Pipelines are important to offshore oil and gas development, but suffers from the pipeline walking phenomenon due to cyclic temperature variations—where large axial walking distances threaten the safety of pipeline systems. Current research indicates that pipeline walking is triggered by steel catenary riser (SCR) tension, seabed slopes, or thermal transients. This paper proposes a new driving mechanism for the pipeline walking phenomenon, involving cyclic hardening soil strength. The finite element analysis method was adopted to analyse the soil friction difference induced walking phenomenon, and the influence of key parameters on the gain in soil friction on walking distance was studied. Pipeline walking distances under different drainage conditions in the heating and cooling processes were also calculated, and the impact of the degree of drainage in the heating process was determined. To better understand the new pipeline walking mechanism, theoretical analysis of the walking behaviour under different cyclic soil friction conditions was carried out. Analytical solutions for estimating the pipeline walking distance were also provided, based on the simplified theoretical analysis.     

润滑脂对100C6碳钢微动磨损的影响

对１００Ｃ６碳钢在润滑脂工况和干态工况下进行了试验研究。分析了润滑脂对微动磨损的影响机理，阐述了润滑脂介质作用的微动破坏过程。发现在润滑脂作用下，微动磨损过程与干态下不完全相同，其三体作用功能不如干态明显。