基于模糊可靠性理论的高速线材轧辊优化设计研究

工作时受交变应力的作用,高速线材轧辊断裂问题时有发生.文章利用模糊可靠性理论,探讨在随机变量和模糊变量组合时轧辊的模糊可靠性设计方法.设计实例和生产实践证实了该方法具有优化设计的效果,使轧辊使用寿命显著提高.     

Aggregate expenditure elasticity for transport and communication in Australia

For the purpose of estimating Engel elasticity, one needs to find the best functional form among various alternatives. In this paper, a new function, which is called the double semi-log Engel function turns out to be the best functional form for the transport and communication items in Australia on the basis of the distance function (D²) criterion, and the non-nested hypothesis testing procedure. This function is then used to estimate total expenditure elasticity, and the percentage change in consumer demand due to changes in total expenditure and total expenditure inequalities; using the 1975–76 Household Expenditure Survey data. The results of the analyses demonstrate that transport and communication is a necessary item in Australia on the basis of two criteria, viz., its elasticity is not significantly greater than unity, and the percentage change in demand increases with a decrease of the total expenditure inequality [emphasised by Iyengar (I960)]. Policy implication of the analyses has also been discussed.     

Ramp meters on trial: Evidence from the Twin Cities metering holiday

Ramp meters in the Twin Cities have been the subject of a recent test of their effectiveness, involving turning them off for eight weeks. This paper analyzes the results with and without ramp metering for several representative freeways during the afternoon peak period. Seven performance measures: mobility, equity, productivity, consumers’ surplus, accessibility, travel time variation and travel demand responses are compared. It is found that ramp meters are particularly helpful for long trips relative to short trips. Ramp metering, while generally beneficial to freeway segments, may not improve trip travel times (including ramp delays). The reduction in travel time variation comprises another benefit from ramp meters. Non-work trips and work trips respond differently to ramp meters. The results are mixed, suggesting a more refined ramp control algorithm, which explicitly considers ramp delay, is in order.     

基于模糊控制的自适应反馈调节系统

船舶操纵是一个非线性过程,定值反馈控制方式的操纵性能不能令人满意。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于模糊控制的自适应反馈调节系统,它可在线自动调整系统的反馈系数。仿真结果表明它在船舶操纵应用中具有较好的动态特性,鲁棒性和跟踪能力,在一定程度上改善了船舶的操纵性能。     

Total cost analysis: An alternative to benefit-cost analysis in evaluating transportation alternatives

This paper explains the theory in support of total cost analysis (TCA) to compare transportation system alternatives. The full costs of each alternative are first aggregated, including travel time costs and monetizable environmental and social costs. Many costs which are considered on the benefits side of the equation in benefit-cost analysis (BCA) as "cost savings" are brought over to the costs side. Total cost differences among alternatives are then traded off against their estimated non-monetized benefits or impacts, just as a consumer trades off product quality against cost before deciding which product he or she will buy. One advantage of TCA over traditional BCA is that the concept of "total cost" is more easily understood by the public and by political decision-makers than BCA concepts such as "net present worth", "benefit-cost ratio" and "internal rate of return". A second advantage is that there is no suggestion that all "benefits" have been considered; decision-makers are free to use their own value judgements to trade off total cost against non-monetizable social, environmental and economic impacts, just as they trade off quality and convenience against cost when purchasing goods and services in their roles as consumers. The TCA approach is demonstrated in this paper through a case study of two systemwide alternatives for the Baltimore, MD urban area.     

Uncertain demand,modal competition and optimal price-capacity adjustments in air transportation

A new microeconomic model for the operation of an airline facing modal competition with uncertain total demand is developed to analyze optimal price capacity combinations. The novelty is the treatment of the capacity restriction, which is not viewed as affecting negatively individual preferences (e.g. probability of a full flight), but does influence aggregate utility. A mode choice model is used to represent unrestricted individual preferences assuming full availability (phone call demand); air capacity is treated as a variable that acts on the actual choice set. Restricted choices and total demand stochasticity are integrated in welfare calculations (users' benefits and profits). Numerical examples are given and results are analyzed in terms of load factors fare levels, and sensitivity to the stochasticity of requests.This research was partially funded by FONDECYT, Chile, Direction Génerale de l'Aviation Civile, France, the Andes Foundation and the Fulbright Commission.     

模糊逻辑推理在消除交通流诱导负效应中的应用

针对交通流诱导可能产生的负效应问题,提出了诱导负效应消除的原理和模糊逻辑推理方法。在原理设计中,考虑了出行者的出行行为对网络交通流分配的影响;在实现方法上,应用模糊推理技术对分流交通量进行了预测,并设计了路线交叉口信号灯配时方案调整的模糊控制算法,模拟结果验证了模糊逻辑推理技术的有效性。研究表明:交通流诱导负效应的产生主要是由于信息条件下的道路出行者路线选择行为的不确定性引起的,而且交通流诱导与控制同时进行是消除交通流诱导负效应产生的关键。     

燃料电池船舶复合供能系统控制策略设计与仿真

针对燃料电池船舶复合供能系统中的燃料电池功率波动问题和储能单元电池荷电状态（State of Charge,SOC）极端分化问题,依据系统拓扑结构,提出基于负载功率频率分解与模糊逻辑控制法相结合的复合供能系统控制策略设计。采用实例仿真验证该设计的优势。结果表明,该设计可有效保持燃料电池输出功率平滑,对储能单元SOC具有良好的均衡控制效果。     

城市轨道交通初期运营客流预测技术研究

城市轨道交通新开通线路初期运营客流预测是开展初期运营安全评估和运营组织筹备的基础性工作。分析初期运营客流预测在预测期、研究对象、基础数据和预测模型方面的特点,总结该类预测工作开展的技术难点。在此基础上提出一套适用于初期运营客流预测的技术路线,阐述其中基础资料收集、交通调查、交通运行特征分析、出行需求预测、评估分析及敏感性分析的研究要点,并概括总结客流预测指标、对既有线的影响评估、需要重点关注的车站等研究内容。研究结果表明,初期运营客流预测重点在于准确把握城市及交通发展现状,而解读城市及交通发展现状资料并掌握其运行现状特点,研判其短期发展趋势是初期运营客流预测的基础性工作;针对宏观交通需求分析模型对微观客流指标预测的精度不足问题,可在城市宏观交通需求预测的基础上,通过开展各类交通调查建立城轨系统出行需求分析专题模型。本研究成果以期为初期运营客流预测的技术方法、研究内容等提供借鉴。     

基于GERT网络的应急救援关键路段识别

为了及时识别出突发事件下城市道路的关键路段,以构建最短应急救援路径,本文提出了一套完整流程.首先,针对路网在应急条件下的贫信息环境特征,设计一种基于模糊综合评判的行程时间估算方法.然后,考虑救援人员的应急心理和经验选择行为,构建面向广义阻抗的GERT(Graph Evaluation and Review Technique)网络模型.最后,运用Dijkstra算法获得救援路径完成关键路段识别.以成都市某区域实际交通网络为算例进行验证,结果表明:基于2种模糊算子估算路段行程速度,其绝对误差为2.722 km/h,精度较高;与传统关键路段识别方法相比,GERT网络模型能更好地反映行程时间和路段拥挤度对路径选择行为的影响(拟合度80.95%),并将重要度识别技术从路网降低到路径层面,效果良好.