On uniqueness and proportionality in multi-class equilibrium assignment

Over the past few years, much attention has been paid to computing flows for multi-class network equilibrium models that exhibit uniqueness of the class flows and proportionality (Bar-Gera et al., 2012). Several new algorithms have been developed such as bush based methods of Bar-Gera (2002), Dial (2006), and Gentile (2012) that are able to obtain very fine solutions of network equilibrium models. These solutions can be post processed (Bar-Gera, 2006) in order to ensure proportionality and class uniqueness of the flows. Recently developed, the TAPAS, algorithm (Bar Gera, 2010) is able to produce solutions that have proportionality embedded, without requiring post processing. It was generally accepted that these methods for solving UE traffic assignment are the only way to obtain unique path and class link flows. The purpose of this paper is to show that the linear approximation method and some of its variants satisfy these conditions as well. In addition, some analytical results regarding the relation between steps of the linear approximation algorithm and the path flows entropy are presented.     

超高加速度抛射体内电子芯片的两维欧拉-拉格朗日模拟

文章建立两维欧拉—拉格朗日模型以研究抛射体发射过程对其内部电子芯片的冲击及其机理。该模型计入了火药燃烧的两相流动、抛射体结构运动及流固相互作用,其中火药的固体相和气体相分别采用了线性和指数状态方程描述。通过数值结果分析了以位移、弹口速度、加速度表征的抛射体过程中的冲击响应,并讨论了火药比能对抛射体的加速度冲击及对其内部电子芯片的冲击的影响规律。该模拟方法也可供船用智能火炮系统抗冲击分析及船上电子设备生存能力设计时参考。     

Violent water-structure interaction: Overtopping features and vertical loads on a fixed structure due to broken incident flows

This paper presents an alternative experimental study of the interaction of broken flows with a fixed structure, concerning the overtopping features and vertical loads over its deck. Wet dam-break tests were carried out to generate incoming flows. Synchronized measurements provided by high-speed cameras, water elevation and force sensors, were used to investigate the influence of tank length in overtopping behaviour and the patterns and loads formed by wet dam-break flows generated by different conditions. During some of the overtopping events analysed, large scale plunging waves were observed, hitting the deck directly and forming large air cavities. These events generated violent interactions with the structure, causing significant loads and chaotic behaviour over the deck, due to the combination of air cavity collapse, reactive splash and run-down. The present approach could be employed as an alternative to study interactions of broken incident flows with different types of fixed structures, allowing the acquisition of detailed data to compare analytical or numerical models.     

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提出一种适用于在城市中构建高速关键线路的信号配时方案.与以往只注重根据车流量适时调整信号灯的方案相比,该方案强调将关键道路上某一方向上的所有车辆分段,把每一个有效车流段看作一个整体,让其按规定速度行驶,当这些有效车流段到达叉路口时,让信号灯为其调整绿灯,而当其全部通过叉路口,在路上行驶时,让信号灯转为红灯,利用下一段车流到来前的时间间隙供另一方向的车辆通过,由于这些车辆在行驶过程中避开了所有红灯,中途无需停车,因此平均速度提高一倍以上.本文将详细阐述车流分段、行车规则和信号配时等的具体构想,并用实验验证该方案的可行性和高效性.     

Managing evacuation networks

This paper proposes a non-anticipative, adaptive, decentralized strategy for managing evacuation networks. The strategy is non-anticipative because it does not rely on demand forecasts, adaptive because it uses real-time traffic information, and decentralized because all the information is available locally. It can be used with a failed communication network.The strategy pertains to networks in which no links backtrack in the direction of increased risk. For these types of networks, no other strategy exists that can evacuate more people in any given time, or finish the evacuation in less time. The strategy is also shown to be socially fair, in the sense that the time needed to evacuate all the people exceeding any risk level is, both, the least possible, and the same as if less-at-risk individuals did not participate in the evacuation. The strategy can be proven optimal even when backflows happen due to driver gaming.     

基于二流理论的宏观交通评价模型的建立

为研究宏观道路网络交通特性,以二流理论为基础,建立道路网络宏观交通特性的评价模型。该模型引入图论的分析方法,考虑可达性的评价指标和街道的实际交通情况,全面而抽象地描述城市道路网络路段与交叉口之间的关系,并给出道路网络宏观交通特性的评价指标,最后以一简单实例说明利用该模型评价城市道路网络宏观交通特性的过程。     

Interaction of two-dimensional impulsively started airfoils

Continuous vortieity panels were used to model general unsteady inviscid, incompressible, two-dimensional flows. The geometry of the airfoil was approximated by series of short straight segments having endpoints that lie on the actual surface. A piecewise linear, continuous distribution of vorticity over the airfoil surface was used to generate disturbance flow. The no-penetration condition was imposed at the midpoint of each segment and at discrete times. The wake was simulated by a system of point vortices, which moved at local fluid velocity. At each time step, a new wake panel with uniform vortieity distribution was attached to the trailing edge, and the condition of constant circulation around the airfoil and wake was imposed. A new expression for Kutta condition was developed to study the interference effect between two impulsively started NACA0012 airfoils. The tandem arrangement was found to he the most effective to enhance the lift of the rear airfoil. The interference effect between tidal turbine blades was shown clearly.     

径向电场对等离子体约束的影响

讨论了由径向电场产生的剪切极向流对托卡马克中等离子体的约束的影响。采用考虑了剪切极向转动效应的新经典离子热输运系数模型,这种模型导致的热通量函数在相同的密度和温度下是多值的,将它用于电子与离子之间有碰撞的ＭＨＤ方程,数值结果显示了Ｈ模情形等离子体上边缘陡峭的离子温度梯度。     

India’s air traffic: towards an empirical framework for systems analysis

The paper explores patterns of flows within India’s Air Traffic System through the lens of carriers’ networks and route structures between 2006 and 2014. Through observations of frequency distributions and their distinct patterns an analytic framework is derived heuristically by means of classification and aggregation. The well-known skewed traffic distribution which spatially concentrates traffic around relatively few airports serves as the starting point for decomposing the air traffic system (ATS) into its constituent route types. Airline operations along distinct route classes allows for classifying individual carrier’s network features as an embedded part of the system. Discussion of their role includes a spatial component. Inferences about development paths – past, present, future – of the Indian commercial ATS can be made.     

Are AIS-based trade volume estimates reliable? The case of crude oil exports

Most global trade statistics in the public domain refer to official customs data, which are not generally available on a micro (individual cargo) level. With the increasing availability and completeness of ship positioning data from the global Automated Identification System (AIS), it is possible to derive more timely and detailed trade statistics for homogeneous commodity groups. The objective of this article is twofold: (1) to compare the accuracy of AIS-derived trade statistics to official customs data in the crude oil market and (2) to add a breakdown of trade by vessel size over time. We find that while AIS-derived data for seaborne crude exports show good alignment with official export numbers in aggregate, there are substantial temporal and geographical differences across countries and time due to the use of pipelines and transshipment in parts of the supply chain. We highlight the challenges in properly structuring and aggregating micro-level cargo data. Our findings are important for the proper derivation of shipping demand from trade data.