Incentive subsidy scheme design with elastic transport demand

Huge public transport subsidies caused by deficits have become a heavy financial burden on some local governments due to the decline of bus passenger numbers. It is essential to apply the performance‐based contract to bus services considering maximization of social welfare. This paper constructs an incentive subsidy contract considering the decision‐making powers of the service level and calculating the proper frequency elasticity aiming at two problems of performance‐based contracts. Meanwhile, we consider a role of bus operators ignored by most researchers. Under the scheme, the decision‐making power of the service level is discussed based on five assumptions, and meanwhile, bus operators are motivated to reduce cost and improve service level in the scheme. The case of the bus service of Arao city indicates that the optimal frequency equals to zero when bus operators decide frequency. If bus operators determine efforts, the optimal effort also equals to zero with the goal of maximizing the profit. Also, bus operators can play their roles in lessening cost and improving service level to help bus operators and the local government achieve a win‐win situation, which maximizes the social benefit in this subsidy scheme when all factors are decided by the government. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于加强打车软件综合管理的建议

中国打车软件从2012年开始上线,“嘀嘀打车”和“快的打车”通过“双向补贴”方式竞争客户,一度导致全国范围主要城市出租汽车运营秩序混乱,引起社会广泛争议。对打车软件涉及的金融系统安全、出租汽车运营秩序、群体性事件等问题展开分析。总结国内外打车软件的主要区别,指出中国打车软件的管理更为复杂、更容易引起社会矛盾。最后,建议在国家层面提出指导性意见,着重研究网络金融进入公共服务业的规则、现代信息技术服务于出租汽车营运的管理规则,以及出租汽车行业管理中政府和企业的权责界限。     

基于集成式供应链的再生资源回收定价方法

再生资源回收与利用是发展循环经济的重要组成部分,合理的再生资源回收价格是提高再生资源回收与利用水平的关键。基于集成式供应链的视角,给出集成式再生资源供应链的主要收入与成本构成及其计算方法;以最大化集成式再生资源供应链的整体经济效益为目标,综合考虑政府补贴及消费者的回收意愿,构建集成式再生资源供应链的回收定价模型,提出基于集成式供应链的再生资源回收定价方法,进而确定最优回收价格。算例表明:单位政府补贴与再生资源的回收定价、供应链整体经济效益和回收率总体上呈正相关关系;再生资源的回收价格位于消费者的最低预期价格和最高预期价格之间时,既能充分调动消费者的回收积极性又能兼顾该再生资源供应链的整体经济效益。     

城市轨道交通PPP车公里付费模式研究

城市轨道交通建设成本高、投资需求大、公益性强,运营维护需要不断的资金保障,而由政府主导的传统资金筹措模式显然已不能适应城市轨道交通可持续发展要求的背景下,论述PPP融资方式的优势。通过3种PPP付费模式的比较,阐明可行性缺口补助可作为城市轨道交通最佳付费模式的根据。提出可行性缺口补助模式中最新"车公里"付费模式的计算方法,详述其关键参数的涵义及获取方法。在前提和边界条件一致的情况下,分别计算影子票价、车公里、财政部财金[2015]21号文3种可行性缺口补助模式下的政府补贴额,对比分析3种方法各自的优缺点,为各地政府选择合理的可行性缺口补助支付方式提供借鉴。     

北京市轨道交通财政补贴模型研究

轨道交通财政补贴是落实"十三五"规划纲要中"加快发展城市轨道交通"的关键环节,是促进轨道交通运营企业可持续发展的重要保障。以北京市轨道交通为研究对象,介绍其财政补贴金额和补贴方式,并结合票价及财政补贴居民满意度调查结果,阐述现行财政补贴模型及政策存在的问题。以成本和票价收入为切入点,指出补贴模型应当兼顾企业、乘客、政府三方利益和依据乘客特征进行分类补贴的原则,进而从成本激励角度构建优化的标准成本补贴测算模型,从票价管控角度构建优化的目标利润率补贴测算模型。优化的财政补贴测算模型可以为提高北京市轨道交通财政补贴效率、疏解财政补贴压力提供决策支持。     

考虑老年人出行行为的公交票价补贴政策研究

北京市现行的老年人公交免费政策在保障老年人日常出行的同时,诱发了老年人无谓出行、高峰出行、冒乘出行等问题. 针对不同出行目的、出行距离及出发时刻下老年人出行行为偏好,基于北京市第五次综合交通调查数据,构建多场景下老年人出行方式选择MNL (Multinominal Logit)模型,分析错峰优惠、阶梯式津贴等补贴政策对多方式分担率的影响,并从公共交通运能利用率、政府补贴和老年人公交支出等方面评价政策效果. 结果表明：相对现行政策,两种政策均可有效调节老年人出行行为,前者能够缓解政府财政补贴压力,但造成老年人公交支出的上升;后者侧重保护老年人群的社会福利,对行为的引导效果更显著,但仍需大量的财政补贴投入.     

�й��������Ƴɱ���̯ģ�ͼ�Ӧ���о�

针对我国城市公交行业管理中亟待解决的公交合理成本确定,以及政府公交补贴责任划分问题,研究了国际公交行业常用的全分摊成本分析模型及我国城市公交行业相关实践经验,本文在规制成本核算的基础上构建了我国城市公交合理成本核算与分摊模型,并用公交专项调研数据进行相关模型和方法的应用性分析.结果表明,本研究提出的模型和方法能为公交合理成本核算、各相关辖区政府公交补贴责任划分、相关政策制定和政府间协调合作提供基本理论及方法支撑,对我国深化落实公交优先战略、促进城乡客运一体化发展有重要意义.     

一种基于收入的城市公交专项税征收方式分析

城市公共交通具有二重性,存在政策性亏损和经营性亏损。其中经营性亏损是国内外普遍存在的现象,政府如何对公共交通企业进行规范性补贴是我国迫切需要解决的问题。在分析我国现行补贴制度缺陷的基础上,提出一种基于收入的征收公交专项税收的方法来拓宽公交补贴的来源,提出征收的方式、方法,分析该方式的合理性及存在的问题。     

Should subsidies to urban passenger transport be increased? A spatial CGE analysis for a German metropolitan area

In many countries passenger transport is significantly subsidized in a variety of ways for various reasons. The objective of this paper is to examine efficiency, distributional, environmental (CO₂ emissions) and spatial effects of increasing different kinds of passenger transport subsidies discriminating between household types, travel purposes and travel modes. The effects are calculated by applying a numerical spatial general equilibrium approach calibrated to an average German metropolitan area. In extension to most studies focusing on only one kind of subsidy, we compare the effects of different transport subsidies within the same unified framework that allows to account for two features not yet considered simultaneously in studies on transport subsidies: endogenous labor supply and location decisions. Furthermore, congestion, travel mode choice, travel related CO₂ emissions and institutional details regarding the tax system in Germany are taken into account. The results suggest that optimal subsidy levels are either small or even zero. While subsidizing public transport is welfare enhancing, subsidies to urban road traffic reduce aggregate urban welfare. Concerning the latter it is shown that making investments in urban road infrastructure capacity or reducing gasoline taxes may even be harmful to residents using predominantly automobile. In contrast, pure commuting subsidies hardly affect aggregate urban welfare, but distributional effects are substantial. All policies cause suburbanization of city residents and (except for subsidizing public transport) contribute to urban sprawl by raising the spatial imbalance of residences and jobs but the effect is relatively small. In addition, the policies induce a very differentiated pattern regarding distributional effects, benefits of landowners and environmental effects.     

Interpretation of cruise industry in a two-sided market context: An exploration on Japan

Two-sided markets are characterised by the presence of an intermediary and two groups of end-users. In the cruise market, cruise lines may play the role of intermediaries to connect the two end-users, viz. cruise passengers and cruise ports. Our research explored whether the cruise industry can be regarded as a two-sided market, starting with a theoretical modelling. The findings show that cruise lines might be hybrid intermediaries, selling their own ship-based products and services, while offering also a platform to enable the transaction between cruise passengers and cruise ports. This particular business model of a quasi-two-sided market is also reflected in the pricing scheme of cruise industry, whereby cruise ports charge an entry fee from cruise lines and port dues from cruise passengers. We illustrate an empirical analysis on the basis of the cruise market in Japan, and it provides a preliminary clue that the behaviours of cruise ports and cruise lines are consistent with our theoretical framework. The results are not convincingly significant due to data limitations, hence, the concept of a ‘two-sided market’ in the cruise industry call for further empirical research.