轨道交通桥梁减振降噪研究进展

随着高速铁路和城市轨道交通的迅猛发展,人们环保意识的增强以及高架线路的广泛应用,轨道交通桥梁振动与噪声已成为亟待解决的问题。首先,介绍了混凝土桥、钢桥、钢混组合桥的典型振动与噪声试验和桥梁结构噪声常用的理论研究方法。其次,从桥梁结构优化的角度,讨论了混凝土桥、钢桥常用的减振降噪措施,并探讨了TMD的减振降噪效果。然后,综述了桥上轨道结构常用的减振降噪措施。最后,总结了3种声屏障降噪效果的研究进展。结果表明：①不同结构桥梁振动与噪声有所差异,总体来说钢结构桥梁振动与噪声问题更为突出;②混凝土梁截面的优化措施具有一定的减振降噪效果,如增设中腹板或横隔板,优化腹板倾角等措施,U梁对轮轨噪声具有遮蔽效应,梁下区域遮蔽损失最大可达10 dB（A）,但与传统箱梁相比,U梁结构噪声更大;③约束阻尼结构能够有效控制钢桥振动与噪声,TMD能够有效抑制桥梁结构低频振动,但降噪效果甚微;④在钢轨、扣件、轨枕道床等方面采取相应的减振措施,从而达到轨道交通桥梁减振降噪的目的是最为经济可行的方法;⑤声屏障可有效控制交通噪声,直立声屏障降噪效果为5~10 dB（A）,半封闭声屏障降噪效果约15 dB（A）,全封闭声屏障降噪效果超过20 dB（A）。     

一种模拟发震断层动力特性的隧道地震试验方法

为模拟隧道在发震断层中的近场动力响应和破坏机制,提出一种模拟长大隧道穿越活动断层动力响应的新型模型试验装置,并设计一种通过改变试验平台底部组合弹簧参数来改变模型箱振动特性的试验方法。该试验装置不仅能解决传统试验方法中受迫振动的问题,而且能模拟断层错动引起地层位移由发震断层位置向远端逐渐减小的过程,进而模拟穿越活动断层时长大隧道断层段到非断层段沿纵向的振动特性变化。该方法通过改变组合弹簧中单个弹簧单元的刚度系数和弹簧单元的个数等,可改变试验箱中断层在断层错动发生时的振动频率和错动位移,进而得到振动频率-组合弹簧刚度和错动位移-组合弹簧刚度的回归公式,可通过前期试验得到的回归公式来设置相应的组合弹簧形式,对后续试验中多种不同振动频率和错动位移的试验工况进行模拟。     

设备振动荷载对转运站结构设计的影响

港口工程中的转运站内设置有各种工艺设备,这些工艺设备荷载较大,设备运行所产生的振动荷载会对结构产 生较大的影响。若结构整体布置、构件断面设计不合理,将会影响结构的使用性能,甚至会对结构安全造成影响。设备振 动荷载对结构设计的影响分为3部分：对荷载取值的影响、对构件设计的影响、对结构整体设计的影响。转运站的振动控制 应主要控制水平振动位移。提出转运站考虑设备振动荷载影响的设计原则与计算方法,并针对减小设备振动对结构受力、 使用性能的影响提出建议。     

基于车体振动加速度的北京地铁轨道状态管理研究

轨道作为行车基础设备,其状态的好坏对列车运行安全和线路服务质量具有重要影响。车体振动加速度是反映列车运行安全性以及乘客乘坐舒适性的重要数据,是评价轨道设备状态和制定养护维修措施的重要依据。基于北京地铁轨道状态的管理需求,分别在空间和时间维度上建立两个利用振动加速度数据评价轨道状态的指标:超限密集度指标和超限重复度指标。利用北京地铁6号线下行方向两次的轨检车检查数据对这两个指标进行计算,结果表明,这两个指标能够更加客观、合理地评价轨道质量状态,有助于提高养护维修作业的效率和针对性。     

Wind pressure distribution and wind-induced dynamic response for spatial groined latticed vaults

The wind pressure distribution and wind-induced vibration responses of long-span spatial groined latticed vaults (SGLVs) were numerically simulated, which always are ones of the most important problems in the structural wind resistance design. Incompressible visco-fluid model was introduced, and the standard k-εtwo equation model and semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation (SIMPLE) were used to describe the flow turbulence. Furthermore, the structural dynamic equation was set up, which is solved by Newmark-β method. And several sort of wind-induced vibration coefficients such as the wind-induced vibration coefficient corresponding to the nodal displacement responses and wind loads were suggested. In the numerical simulation where the SGLV consisting of the cylindrical sectors with different curved surface was chosen as the example,the influence on the relative wind pressure distribution and structural wind-induced vibration responses of the closed or open SGLV caused by such parameters as the number of cylindrical sectors, structural curvature and the ratio of rise to span was investigated. Finally, some useful conclusions on the local wind pressure distribution on the structural surface and the wind-induced vibration coefficients of SGLV were developed.     

桥面平整度对大跨度斜拉桥车桥耦合振动的影响

将随机桥面平整度描述为零均值的平稳高斯随机过程,建立了大跨度斜拉桥空间有限元模型,考虑结构的初始应力效应和几何非线性因素,利用逐步积分法解车．桥耦合振动方程,进而对斜拉桥动力特性进行分析。     

Application of Lead Viscoelastic Dampers to Wind Vibration Control on Big-Span Power Transmission Tower

To study the wind vibration response of power transmission tower, the lead viscoelastic dampers (LVDs) were applied to a cup tower. With time history analysis method, the displacement, velocity, acceleration and force response of the tower was calculated and analyzed. The results show that the control effect of lead viscoelastic dampers is very good, and the damping ratio can reach 20% or more when they are applied to the tower head.     

功能梯度材料的无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin方法

无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin(MLPG)法是近几年发展起来的一种无网格方法,它不需要任何背景网格和积分网格,较适合处理非均匀材料.文中将MLPG方法应用于功能梯度材料的三维问题,对功能梯度材料的力学行为进行了分析,编制了相应的计算程序,得到了满意的结果.     

In-plane Auto-Parametric Vibration of Inclined Cables under Random Transverse Excitation

In-plane auto-parametric stochastic vibration of inclined cables subjected to Gaussian white noise in transverse bridge orientation is investigated. Based on Newton＇s laws of motion and Galerkin＇s modal truncation principle, the influences of geometry nonlinearity induced by sag and large displacement of cables and the initial equilibrium state are taken into account. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional non-linear differential equations of inclined cables for coupling vibration are deduced, equivalent stochastic linearization method is applied to derive the 14-dimensional first-order nonlinear differential equations of state vectors, and the Runge-Kutta integration method is utilized to obtain the root mean square （RMS） response. Results show that when the transverse random excitation imposed on the stayed cable exceeds a critical value, the in-plane transverse vibration of the cable are excited due to tim auto-parametric nonlinear coupling, and the critical value of random excitation increases with the damping ratio. In this motion, the cable response possesses non-stationary characteristics, even though the loading keeps stationary.     

FRP 加固已腐蚀混凝土梁的抗疲劳耐久性研究

介绍了碳纤维布（CFRP）加固腐蚀钢筋混凝土的梁静载和疲劳试验过程,探讨了加固方式和纤维布性能对疲劳寿命的影响。试验对象为6根FRP加固腐蚀梁、1根腐蚀未加固梁和1根标准梁（未腐蚀未加固）;加固方式分别是CFRP缠绕加固梁和FRP在梁底抗弯加固且缠绕纤维布;试验过程中3根梁作静载试验,5根梁作疲劳试验。试验结果表明：FRP加固腐蚀梁的静载极限承载力比标准梁提高37％～38％;加固腐蚀梁的疲劳寿命是未加固梁的2～6倍,但低于标准梁。