山岭隧道涌水量预测方法分类及相关因素分析

准确预测隧道涌水量能有效减少隧道病害,保护生态环境,科学指导隧道的设计与施工,而如何正确选择和应用预测方法,是准确预测的前提条件。通过广泛调研,在总结分析各类涌水量预测方法的原理和适用范围基础上,以六盘山隧道某断面为例,深入探讨了围岩渗透系数、洞室尺寸、地下水位净高变化、注浆圈厚度、注浆水平和衬砌抗渗等级等因素对隧道涌水量的影响,重点指出各类解析方法的局限性和适用条件,突出了注浆水平在实际工程中的作用,并建议山岭公路隧道衬砌抗渗等级不宜小于S8。     

基于有机朗肯循环的车用柴油机排气余热回收系统性能分析

利用设计的有机朗肯循环系统回收某重型车用柴油机的排气能量,通过台架试验,获得了变工况下柴油机排气余热能分布特性。分析了有机工质蒸发压力、过热度以及柴油机工况变化对有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响,以系统净输出功率和热效率为优化目标,确定了适用于有机朗肯循环系统的最佳蒸发压力。研究结果表明,当有机工质蒸发压力为1.8 MPa时,有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率最大可以达到12.69kW,热效率可以达到11.19%;将有机工质加热至过热状态并不能明显提高有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率。     

高负荷下应用米勒循环提升高压比汽油机热效率机理研究

对高负荷工况下应用进气阀早关(EIVC)或者迟关(LIVC)技术实现的米勒循环进行仿真计算,基于热力学第一定律比较分析两者改善高压缩比增压直喷汽油机热效率的机理。结果表明:几何压缩比的增加提高了发动机的理论热效率,但由于高负荷时的爆震限制使油耗恶化了1.9%;米勒循环的应用可以有效降低爆震倾向,与原发动机相比,采用EIVC与LIVC策略燃油经济性的分别提升2.4%和3.0%;对比分析EIVC与LIVC对汽油机热效率的影响发现,LIVC策略能使燃烧相位更加优化、缸内燃烧更为充分,使得其燃油改善效果好于EIVC策略。     

城市轨道交通售票服务系统寿命周期费用浅析

寿命周期费用管理理念能对项目所有支付的费用进行比较全面的分析,为政府和企业节约大笔资金,因而被广泛地应用于军事、能源和大型基础设施等诸多领域.城市轨道交通系统是资金密集型的工程项目,为了提高经济效益和降低运营费用,通过对售票服务系统费用的分析,希望能在我国城市轨道交通行业中树立起寿命周期费用理念,使它更好地为城市轨道交通事业服务.     

基于全寿命周期的大型建设项目集成风险管理研究

改造了大型建设项目全寿命周期的四阶段划分法,探讨了基于全寿命周期的集成风险管理子系统及系统模型的集成设计思路,提出了基于全寿命周期的大型建设项目集成风险管理模型(LC IRM),并对LC IRM模型的应用载体E-PM C作了探讨。     

铁道车辆结构强度可靠性和安全性技术展望

铁路运输正向高速、重载发展,结构强度可靠性与安全性技术是其中关键课题之一。在探讨现状基础上,预测了发展趋势。阐明了名义应力法较难合理应用于有限元分析结果和现场应变计检测结果;作者等人的试验工作揭示了材料循环应力 应变(CSS)响应存在分散性现象,这是现有理论与方法尚未涉及的领域。建议考虑随机CSS关系,建立局部应变强度可靠性理论体系、开展寿命周期理论研究,提升综合效能、创建车辆强度可靠性与安全性标准等3个值得研究的课题。     

柴油机不可逆循环性能分析及优化

建立了不可逆diesel循环的热力学模型，对diesel循环进行了有限时间热力学分析。推导出在内可逆、内外均不可逆时diesel循环在给定热力学模型下输出功率与热效率之间的关系式，并证明了内可逆diesel循环有一最大输出功率，而此时循环热效率即为著名的CA效率，并求出了最大输出功率表达式，证明了在具有最大输出功率时循环压缩比及预胀比有确定的关系。当具有内外双重不可逆时，相应公式只是对内可逆时的公式用不可逆系数I进行修正，即用ITL代替原公式中的TL即可。给出了计算实例，并通过实例计算分析了内不可逆系数、热源温度对最大输出功率、热效率的影响及循环压缩比、预胀比对热效率的影响。本文的研究对内燃机的设计和性能评估有理论意义。     

喀什地区盐渍土基本工程性质试验研究

我国盐渍土分布范围较广，各地区盐渍土的成因、组成及特征有明显的区域特点。通过室内物理力学性质试验，系统分析喀什地区天然盐渍土的盐渍化程度、液限、塑限、土样类别、最优含水量、最大干密度，可为盐渍土工程提供参考。     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

水化学成分聚类法判别咸阳路站浅层地下水水力联系的应用

应用模糊聚类分析法,借助场地不同深度水样的水化学成分数据,对天津地铁2号线咸阳路站场地含水层内部各层地下水水力联系进行判别。分析结果将场地的地下水分为三类,其中#2,#3,#4水样取样深度的地下水联系较紧密,#1和#5水样取水层与#2,#3,#4水样的水力联系则相对较弱。它与现场抽水试验所得到的地下水分类结果一致,这为该场地的水文地质条件评价提供一定的理论依据。