汽车起重机架设单轨PC轨道梁的危险源识别与控制

重庆轨道交通2、3号线采用跨座式单轨交通系统,其中70%线路为高架段,而大部分高架段采用汽车吊架设PC轨道梁。通过对架设工艺流程进行分析,得出结论:架梁过程中的占道施工和PC梁吊装为重大危险源。利用某学者提出的重大危险源辨识数学模型中的评分标准对其进行评价,重点对PC梁吊装中的重大危险源提出安全技术控制措施,主要包括选择满足安全要求的起重机、起吊危险源控制措施、PC梁定位安全技术措施等方面。这些安全技术措施,已成功应用于重庆轨道交通2、3号线11 000榀PC轨道梁架设,并为韩国大邱地铁3号线PC梁架设提供了技术支持。     

华南地区地铁车站风亭设计研究

针对地铁车站的风亭如何与城市地面环境更好地结合和协调的问题,分别讨论地铁风亭实际建设时的3种组合形式——独立形式敞口风亭、集中形式高风亭和结合建筑物设置的高风亭。结合华南地区夏长冬短,植被四季常青的特点,从风亭造型的形态感知、与周边环境融合两个方面对风亭的景观设计进行论述,为类似工程的设计和施工提供一定参考。     

鲁棒实时钢轨表面擦伤检测算法研究

应用图像处理和模式识别技术,分析高速线阵扫描相机采集的钢轨数字图像,提出鲁棒实时的钢轨表面擦伤检测算法。这种算法首先分析采集图像在垂直方向的投影曲线,提取准确钢轨图像;之后,借鉴人类视觉对比度感知机理,将钢轨灰度图转换为灰度对比图,并基于最大熵原理进行二值化处理,分割出可疑擦伤区域;然后根据经验知识判定钢轨表面的可疑擦伤。实验验证表明:新算法的检测性能高,平均准确率为90.7%,平均漏检率为3.95%;检测速度快,平均检测时间不超过40 ms。     

企业家选择的最优机制设计

研究了股东在缺乏企业家的实际业务能力、服务成本等方面信息的情况下，利用博弈论显示原理设计不同的报酬合同来让企业家选择，从而根据企业家选择结果来判断其真实的能力或类型，避免了企业家逆向选择与道德风险问题的发生．通过分析，得出了最优报酬机制是由努力补偿金、风险补偿金和信息租金三部分组成．最优报酬机制的灵敏度与期望补偿正相关，与固定补偿负相关．高效的企业家比低效企业家工作更加努力，更乐于选择高强度激励、低固定补偿的合同和选用风险较小的项目．     

桥梁地震危险性分析的原理和方法

结合某实桥 ,对地震危险性分析的基本原理和计算方法进行了详细介绍 ,并根据桥址场地建立了地震反应分析模型 .通过对该桥桥址处的地震危险性分析 ,得出了桥位处的地震动参数 ,并合成了桥址处基岩人工波时程和场地土人工波时程     

视屏显示终端的职业危害

本文进行了视屏显示终端职业危害因素的监测及对操作人员身体影响的评价,表明其具有诸多的职业危害因素,主要为不良的微气候和空气离子状态,较低的照度、较强的噪声,尚有一定量的X线幅射及不良的人机关系。上述复杂的危害因素形成多方面的健康效应,主要表现在神经系统、精神行为、眼、骨骼肌、女性月经和生育方面,但以视屏显示终端作业工作量大的18岁～25岁年龄组较为明显。提示需加强对视屏显示终端作业人员综合性的职业卫生防护措施。     

The speed control effect of highway tunnel sidewall markings based on color and temporal frequency

The low‐luminance monotonous environment in the middle section of highway tunnels offers few reference points and is prone to cause severe visual illusion. Thus, drivers tend to underestimate their driving speed, which can induce speeding behaviors that result in rear‐end collisions. Therefore, discovering low‐cost methods of traffic engineering that reduce this visual illusion and ensure a steady driving speed is an important challenge for current highway tunnel operations. This study analyzes the effects of sidewall markings in typical highway tunnels, specifically observing how their colors and temporal frequencies affect the driver's speed perception in a low‐luminance condition. A three‐dimensional model of the middle section of highway tunnels was built in a driving simulator. Psychophysical tests of speed perception were carried out by the method of limits. The precision of the simulation model was then checked by comparing the results to field test data. The simulation tests studied the stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time in relation to sidewall markings in different colors (red–white combined, yellow–white combined, and blue–white combined). Furthermore, based on the optimal color, the effects of sidewall marking with different temporal frequencies (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 32 Hz) on the speed perception of drivers were also analyzed. The test results reveal that the color and temporal frequency of sidewall marking have a significant impact on the driver's stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time. The subjects have the highest speed overestimation and an easy speed judgment with the red–white combined sidewall marking. Within the temporal frequency range of 4.45–7.01 Hz, the subjects have a certain degree of speed overestimation (less than 20%), and the speed perception is sensitive to the temporal frequency changes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measuring the influence of bus service quality on the perception of users

Encouraging the use of public transport is a key policy goal in many countries. Therefore, public transport should offer the level of quality that accommodates the demands of current users, and importantly, the desires of potential users. This study investigates the influence of the perceived quality of bus service on the perception of both current and potential users. The study draws upon data from 512 questionnaires distributed across Belfast City in the UK. The study utilises a binary logistic regression model to quantify the relationships between the perceived quality of 29 bus indicators (independent) and the perceptions of users towards the overall bus service (dependent). Eleven significant indicators are reported to have significant influence on the perception of users. These indicators are utilised to propose scenarios for optimising the quality of bus service with the perceptions of current and potential users.     

Motorway crash duration and its determinants: do durations vary across motorways?

Traffic congestion has been a growing issue in many metropolitan areas during recent years, which necessitates the identification of its key contributors and development of sustainable strategies to help decrease its adverse impacts on traffic networks. Road incidents generally and crashes specifically have been acknowledged as the cause of a large proportion of travel delays in urban areas and account for 25% to 60% of traffic congestion on motorways. Identifying the critical determinants of travel delays has been of significant importance to the incident management systems, which constantly collect and store the incident duration data. This study investigates the individual and simultaneous differential effects of the relevant determinants on motorway crash duration probabilities. In particular, it applies parametric Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) hazard‐based models to develop in‐depth insights into how the crash‐specific characteristic and the associated temporal and infrastructural determinants impact the duration. AFT models with both fixed and random parameters have been calibrated on one year of traffic crash records from two major Australian motorways in South East Queensland, and the differential effects of determinants on crash survival functions have been studied on these two motorways individually. A comprehensive spectrum of commonly used parametric fixed parameter AFT models, including generalized gamma and generalized F families, has been compared with random parameter AFT structures in terms of goodness of fit to the duration data, and as a result, the random parameter Weibull AFT model has been selected as the most appropriate model. Significant determinants of motorway crash duration included traffic diversion requirement, crash injury type, number and type of vehicles involved in a crash, day of week and time of day, towing support requirement and damage to the infrastructure. A major finding of this research is that the motorways under study are significantly different in terms of crash durations; such that motorway 1 exhibits durations that are on average 19% shorter compared with the durations on motorway 2. The differential effects of explanatory variables on crash durations are also different on the two motorways. The detailed presented analysis confirms that looking at the motorway network as a whole, neglecting the individual differences between roads, can lead to erroneous interpretations of duration and inefficient strategies for mitigating travel delays along a particular motorway.     

驾驶特性对交通安全的影响分析

本文基于对人类行为模式的研究,并以此作为参考,将驾驶员的信息处理过程划分为感知、判断、操纵三个阶段。分析感知特性、判断特性、操作特性对交通安全的影响。