城市轨道交通客流分析

在城市轨道交通的规划设计中,客流资料是项目的必要性论证、方案比选、确定系统规模、进行效益分析的基础.通过对我国十几座城市轨道交通系统30多条线路客流预测资料的分析,结合规划设计的技术决策过程和处理实际问题时的思路,建立了客流分析方法,提出不能仅靠"远期高峰小时单向最大断面客流量"来确定系统规模,应考察单向"最大断面客流量"是否能得到"高断面流量区间"的支撑;阐明了客运量可能的发展趋势;建立了以车站、路段为单元的客流空间分布研究方法和全日客运量时段分布研究方法;提出了应对系统、环境发生变化时的客流预测结果的调整方法.     

城市轨道交通中无线局域网的应用

信息技术已经成为当今社会的主流技术.及时、准确地得到需要的信息是很多客户的要求.无线局域网(WLAN)是相当便利的数据民用通信传输系统.随着WLAN技术的普及,如何将其融合到城市轨道交通环境中去,更好地为乘客信息系统、乘客个人终端服务,已经成为一个新的课题.车地通信的实现是WLAN能够在城市轨道交通中成功应用的关键.针对不同的模式对WLAN的应用进行了阐述,以寻找最适合上海轨道交通系统的应用方案.     

基于综合交通枢纽的现代服务业集聚区建设的系统分析

现代服务业集聚区与综合交通枢纽共生共荣.介绍了综合交通枢纽对现代服务业集聚区发展的影响的相关理论,总结国内外依托综合交通枢纽合理规划现代服务业集聚区的一些成功经验,分析了综合枢纽的客流特点.从客流总量预测及客流组成特点,分析了基于上海虹桥综合交通枢纽的现代服务业集聚区建设.     

Effects of passenger characteristics and terminal layout on airport retail revenue: an agent-based simulation approach

This paper examines the effect of passenger characteristics and terminal layout on airport retail revenue using an agent-based simulation approach. Simulation results show that passenger mix (that is, the mix of shopper types according to a typology of airport shoppers) has a profound effect on airport retail revenue; the larger the number of ‘shopping lovers’ there are among passengers, the higher the airport retail revenue. Results also reveal that group travel can lead to negative effects on retail in certain terminal layouts, and that the amount of free dwell time that a passenger has can affect spending due to less retail engagement. This paper shows a combined effect of passenger characteristics and terminal layout on airport retail revenue, and discusses the implications of these results for future airport terminal design that aims to maximise retail potential.     

Exploring the issue of integrating logistics and traffic control in urban areas

This paper proposes an optimization framework for urban transportation networks’ (re-)design which explicitly takes into account the specific decision-making processes of ordinary users and logistic operators. Ordinary users are typically commuters whose travels consist of well-defined pairs of origin and destination points, while logistic operators make deliveries at multiple locations. Obviously, these two user classes have different objectives and scopes of action. These differences are seldom considered in traffic research since most models aggregate the flow demand in OD matrices and use assignment models to predict the response of all users as if the dynamics of their optimization processes were of the same nature. This work demonstrates that better results can be achieved if the particular features of each user class are included in the models. It potentially improves the estimation of the responses and allows managers to shape their control measures to address specific user needs.     

A new generalized travel cost based connectivity metric applied to Scandinavian airports

This article proposes a new, generalized travel cost based method to operationalize network accessibility provided by airports. The approach is novel as it integrates features of network topology with multiple quality aspects of scheduled air transport services into one metric. The method estimates generalized travel costs for the full set of feasible travel paths between an airport and all network destinations. Rooftop modeling accounts for schedule delay and isolates the most cost-efficient travel paths per O-D relation. Respecting the assumed arrival time preference of passengers and adjusting for destination importance, connectivity scores are derived. The method is then applied to explore changes in the global connectivity pattern of Scandinavian airports from 2004 to 2018. The results suggest distinct spatial differences throughout the network, but less pronounced in size than suggested by popularly applied connectivity measures. Findings also highlight the importance of the geographical location as a determinate of an airport’s connectivity.     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

基于 VAR 模型的区域交通运输需求与GDP 的关系实证分析

为研究区域交通运输需求和经济发展之间的关系,运用协整理论进行实证分析,选取1985—2013年重庆货运周转量、客运周转量、GDP数据,建立交通运输需求与经济之间的VAR模型,运用脉冲响应和方差分解对系统进行动态分析。结果表明：交通运输需求和GDP之间存在长期协整关系,GDP带动交通运输业的发展,交通运输业对GDP的贡献率较小;但随着交通运输业的不断发展,在逐渐加大对区域经济的推动作用。最后根据实证分析的结论,对重庆市交通运输业的发展提出相关建议。     

双线自动闭塞区段旅客列车扣除系数计算方法的探讨

本文对旅客列车影响区和非影响区进行了分析，进而确定了非影响区及影响区内可铺画的货物列车数，提出了双线自动闭塞区段旅客列车扣除系数的分析计算方法。