Exposure of Fauna to Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) Traffic on Sandy Beaches

Driving of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on sandy beaches is common and widespread, but is not universally embraced due to putative environmental impacts on beach biota. For ORVs to impact the beach fauna, traffic areas must overlap with faunal habitat: a fundamental pre-requisite for impact assessments but as yet un-quantified for sandy beaches. Thus, this study quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of ORV traffic on five Australian beaches, and measured the degree to which the distribution of intertidal macro-invertebrates overlaps with traffic zones. Traffic volumes on beaches can be considerable (up to 500 vehicles per day). The position of beach traffic across the beach-face is principally governed by tides and driver behavior. Despite driver education campaigns to the contrary, a considerable fraction of vehicles (16–67%) traverses the soft, upper shore near the foredunes. The majority (65%) of burrowing invertebrate species of the intertidal zone is directly exposed to traffic, save for species inhabiting the swash zone. Because beach traffic presents a formidable management challenge, a fundamental first step in identifying whether ecological impacts are indeed likely, is to assess the potential for spatial and temporal conflict between human pressures (e.g., ORVs) and biological resources (e.g., beach fauna). Although this potential is certainly substantial for sandy shores used by ORVs, the actual ecological impacts on the intertidal fauna can only be predicted in situations where the responses (e.g., direct mortality, behavioral changes) of individual species to beach traffic are known.     

道路通行权的范畴及行使方法

道路通行权是人的基本权利,对此新型权利存在着界定的必要性。速度优先与行人优先、合理性差别与歧视性待遇、平等观与强弱观等范畴是道路通行权设置时必须斟酌的内容。行使道路通行权须满足相应的条件,行使条件的设置须符合宪法的要求、行政法基本原则及道路通行的目的。道路通行权的行使中应当明确享有绝对通行权的区域、减少相对通行权的区域、鼓励公共交通主体的优先通行、控制占用权的行使几率等。     

基于AHP的海上交通安全中人为因素评价指标体系的研究

人为因素是造成海上安全事故的重要因素,文章应用层次分析法的基本原理,研究了海上交通安全中人为因素评价指标体系,确定了相关因子的影响力排序,分析结果显示,船员队伍的职业素养和航海专业知识是影响海上交通安全的人为因素的关键指标。     

船舶设计项目人力资源评价方法研究

人力资源是船舶设计项目成功的重要因素,为了能够合理配置人力资源使其发挥最大的效益,建立了基于矩阵式组织结构和团队协调者领导的船舶设计项目团队组织模型,采用模糊综合评判方法对要进入团队的设计人员从多个指标进行综合评价,根据评价结果择优选择,从而组建出高效的设计团队.通过实例计算,证实了该方法的适用性,并开发出了船舶设计项目人力资源评价计算模块.此方法为人力资源的配置提供了一种定量决策方法,使项目组能够得到合适的组员,提高了项目组的整体实力.     

Human Impacts on Cable Beach,Broome (Western Australia)

There are concerns that Cable Beach, which is of outstanding natural beauty and a major tourist attraction for Broome and the Kimberley region of northwest Australia, is suffering damage from recreational use, particularly that caused by off-road vehicles. To assess current levels of human impact on the shore and its fauna, the southern-most kilometer of the Beach, covering an area to which vehicles had access and an adjacent area closed to vehicles, was surveyed for human usage and shore crab abundance. Human usage over the recording period was high in the area with high vehicular access. The amount of litter, although considerable, was well below that recorded in some other tourist destinations elsewhere in the world. Burrows of both the ghost crabs Ocypode spp, and the sand bubbler, Scopimera inflata, were less numerous in areas of high vehicle use than those of low use. Both species may be valuable in monitoring human impacts on Cable Beach.     

ˮ�Ͻ�ͨ�¹�����ɿ��Զ������۷���

水上交通事故人因可靠性,一方面在风险预防阶段会受到风险水平的影响;另一方面,在险情发展及应对过程中会存在与外部影响因素的相互作用.因此,为全面评价水上交通事故人因可靠性,从风险预防和险情应对这两个角度,提出了基于风险系数和置信度的人因可靠性的定量评价方法.首先,利用三角模糊数分别建立了各风险要素和风险系数的评价标准,并应用证据理论对这3个风险要素进行融合,获取了该险情的风险系数.其次,引用人因交互模型全面分析了人因可靠性的影响因素,建立了人因可靠性检查表,并利用置信度建立了各影响因素定量评价模型.最后,选取了一起典型沉船事故为案例定量评价了人因可靠性,结果表明,本文提出的方法可以更为全面地分析人因可靠性.     

免疫渗滤法实验中非特异性染色封闭方法的改进

目的 选择理想的非特异性抗原封闭方法以适应基于免疫渗滤法的蛋白芯片制备.方法 以杆状病毒-昆虫表达系统制备的人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)L1蛋白抗原为例,采用脱脂奶粉、小牛血清、牛血清白蛋白及不同组合等5种方法对非特异性抗原进行封闭,检测其在免疫渗滤实验中对消除非特异性染色的效果,寻找最佳封闭非特异性染色的方法.结果 经过多次重复试验,并以PBS代替血清作空白试验,结果显示,目前常用的先固相然后封闭的几种方法,其封闭效果的稳定性和重复性不佳,且空白对照易出现假阳性;同时发现使用脱脂奶粉做封闭剂封闭后,由于奶粉颗粒易堵塞NC膜的孔径,影响NC膜的渗滤速度;使用小牛血清做封闭剂封闭后,由于NC膜对小牛血清的吸附而产生背景,影响结果判读;而采用20g/L BSA先封闭后固相的方法,在实验中得到满意的结果.结论 先封闭后固相的方法,在免疫渗滤实验中对非特异性抗原封闭的效果理想、结果稳定、重复性好,为一种理想的新的封闭方法.     

Development of a Human Use Objectives Framework for Integrated Management of the Eastern Scotian Shelf

Under the 1997 Oceans Act, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) is required to lead and facilitate the development of integrated management plans for Canada's oceans. One of the integrated management projects is the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management Initiative (ESSIM), through which DFO is working with a range of stakeholders to develop and implement an integrated ocean management plan for the eastern Scotian Shelf. As part of this Initiative, DFO has undertaken a program to develop a set of objectives and related indicators for ocean management. This includes the development of a framework, objectives, and indicators for human use of the resource including the social, economic, and institutional (governance) components of ocean management, areas that have received little attention internationally. This article provides some background to ESSIM and human uses of the resources of the eastern Scotian Shelf; briefly reviews objectives-based management and human use objectives internationally; outlines the process undertaken to develop the Human Use Objectives Framework; presents the resultant objectives and indicators that were developed; and highlights some of the lessons learned and challenges for their implementation.     

六西格玛管理的要点

从六西格玛管理的目标出发,提出企业推进六西格玛管理的要点,即提高产品品质强调设计质量管理,重构组织系统创建新型矩阵管理,改革人事制度全面开发人力资源,关注顾客需求必须更新服务观念。     

应用PCR方法检测人乳头瘤病毒的E_7转化基因

应用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）检测５４份子宫颈癌活检标本中人乳头瘤病毒１６型（ＨＰＶ－１６）Ｅ７转化基因的存在情况，结果显示阳性率为７２．２％（３９／５４）。ＨＰＶ－１６Ｅ７转化基因在人子宫颈癌组织中的高检出率，证实该转化基因与其发生关系密切。本研究同时证明，ＰＣＲ方法具有敏感、特异、快速和实用特点，值得推广。