Traffic and emissions impact of congestion charging in the central Beijing urban area: A simulation analysis

Congestion charging is being considered as a potential measure to address the issue of substantially increased traffic congestion and vehicle emissions in Beijing. This study assessed the impact of congestion charging on traffic and emissions in Beijing using macroscopic traffic simulation and vehicle emissions calculation. Multiple testing scenarios were developed with assumptions in different charging zone sizes, public transit service levels and charging methods. Our analysis results showed that congestion charging in Beijing may increase public transit use by approximately 13%, potentially reduce CO and HC emissions by 60–70%, and reduce NOx emissions by 35–45% within the charging zone. However, congestion charging may also result in increased travel activities and emissions outside of the charging zone and a slight increase in emissions for the entire urban area. The size of charging zone, charging method, and charging rate are key factors that directly influence the impact of congestion charging; improved public transit service needs to be considered as a complementary approach with congestion charging. This study is used by Beijing Transportation Environment and Energy Center (BTEC) as reference to support the development of Beijing’s congestion charging policy and regulation.     

船用电器柜抗冲击设计研究

为增强船内部电器柜的抗冲击性能,采用有限元法对船内不同安装型式的电器柜结构进行了模态和抗冲击性能仿真分析,通过对比分析得出了使用撑杆加固型式安装的电器柜能显著提高船内电器柜的抗冲击性能的结论,并确定了电器柜抗冲击优化设计方案。     

某地下通道浅埋暗挖法施工中的时空效应分析与计算

在浅埋暗挖法施工中,位移预报十分重要,但位移量测值受时空效应的影响,计算很复杂。结合某地下通道的浅埋暗挖法施工,对施工过程中时空效应的产生机理、规律进行探讨,介绍了观测前已发生的位移量、开挖面到达前产生的位移损失量和总沉位移量的计算方法,以提供准确的位移预报。     

大型活动交通影响评价方法

大型活动吸引和产生的突增交通量会造成周边地区的交通拥挤。通过比较大型活动与大型商业建设项目的交通影响评价特点和分析大型活动交通管理的影响因素,分别针对“提供一次性服务的大型活动”和“提供长效服务的大型活动”,设计了交通需求的预测方法。以交叉口服务水平分析方法为基础,提出一种了大型活动的交通影响评价方法。以长春市南岭体育场举办的“中国足球甲A联赛”为对象,运用Vissim微观交通仿真软件对所提出的方法进行了初步验证。结果表明,在大型活动条件下,所提出的方法能够确定需要进行交通管制的空间范围。     

铁路车辆编组连挂中车钩缓冲装置冲击特性分析

为了提高车辆编组连挂时的平稳性,保证所运货物的完整无损,通过对铁路车辆编组连挂时车钩缓冲装置的冲击特性进行分析,建立编组连挂时的缓冲装置的力学模型,对模型分析解微分方程得出位移时间曲线、加速度时间曲线以及加速度峰值,从而得出编组连挂的最大加速度与车钩系统的阻尼有关。     

EA4T车轴钢的超声冲击表面强化

利用超声冲击设备对EA4T车轴钢进行了表面强化处理.采利用金相显微镜和透射电镜表征了车轴钢表面结构的变化,并对超声冲击处理前后试样表面粗糙度和显微硬度进行了分析.结果表明:经超声冲击处理后,试样表面发生了剧烈的塑性变形,晶粒明显细化,显微硬度呈梯度化.随着超声冲击功率的增加,变形层厚度增加,粗糙度减小,表面硬度增大;与未经超声冲击处理的试样相比,在超声冲击功率180瓦作用下,表面粗糙度降低了6.5倍,试样的表面硬度提高了25%,变形层厚度大约为80μm.     

冰载荷冲击下的船舶推进轴系瞬态扭转振动响应分析

传统的推进轴系扭转振动响应计算聚焦于稳态响应,而传递矩阵法、系统矩阵法,可以取得满意的稳态计算结果,但无法处理冰区船舶、海洋工程船舶所遇到的变载荷、变惯量等瞬态工况。为了克服频域扭振计算方法在处理瞬态条件扭振问题的局限性,使用 Newmark 法从时域求解轴系扭转振动微分方程组,基于该算法对某船推进轴系在冰载荷作用下的瞬态响应做了数值计算。其结果表明,在冰载荷冲击下,轴系瞬态扭矩比稳态扭矩大;通过时频分析,在冰载荷作用期间,出现了明显的螺旋桨叶频激励,因此须避免冰载荷激励产生轴系扭转振动的叶次共振。 Newmark 法扭振计算结果与实船测试结果对比表明,该方法在稳态响应计算和时域曲线上都与实际测量结果基本一致,具有工程实用性。     

带落角约束的变结构三维末制导律设计

分析导弹与目标水面舰艇之间三维空间的相对运动特性,并在此基础上进行带落角约束的变结构制导律设计。该制导律设计中,针对一次设计时切换面导数形式过于复杂的情况,作出变换进行二次设计,极大地简化模型;另外,由于目标信息难以获取,故将其视为扰动;最后通过数值仿真验证了所设计制导律的可行性和有效性,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

(Unintended) Transport impacts of an energy-environment policy: The case of CNG conversion of vehicles in Dhaka

Motor vehicles are one of the major sources of air pollution in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The government took various policies to convert the petroleum vehicles on road to run on compressed natural gas (CNG), which allows both air quality improvements and energy security benefits. One of the market friendly policies to encourage the fuel switch was to increase the price differential between CNG and petrol and diesel. This has allowed a wide-scale adoption of CNG as the fuel of choice. However, several years into the policy, there is now a widespread belief among the policymakers that the CNG conversion may have increased car ownership and car travel due to their lower running costs, resulting in more congestion and a reversal of the strategy is on the cards. It is therefore important to test the hypothesis whether CNG conversion had genuinely increased car ownership and car travel in Dhaka city. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey and an econometric intervention analysis to understand the impact of CNG conversion on car ownership and car travel in Dhaka. Attention is also given to disentangle the self-selection and price-induced travel effects of CNG conversion. Results show that ownership did not increase, but travel of on-road vehicles increased due to the CNG policy. However, additional congestion costs are still around one half of the health benefits brought about by the policy.     

Analysis of Coastal Wetland Changes Using the “DPSIR” Model: A Case Study in Xiamen,China

Over the past several decades, human activities have had significant impacts on coastal wetlands worldwide. Here, using a model of “Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR)” and data collected from coastal wetlands in Xiamen, China, we have analyzed temporal changes in regional coastal wetland ecosystem structure and function from 1950 through 2005. The study period was divided into four parts for comparative analysis: pre-1980s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000 to present. Our results show that anthropogenic drivers of coastal wetland degradation in this region have increased substantially since 1950, and that this is correlated with a decline in coastal wetland function over the same period.