Institutions Shaping Coastal Ecosystems: The Algarve Case

Water and land use have changed dramatically over the last thirty years in Southern European coastal zones. For climatic and economic reasons coastal tourism development is often accompanied by simultaneous intensification of agricultural activity. The literature highlights a number of emerging resource pressures. The intensity of land use, excessive infrastructure development, and overexploitation of water resources pose the primary problems. Unsustainable development is often ascribed to mal-performing institutions (e.g., environmental management and land use planning), but there is a lack of studies analyzing the way in which institutions contribute to the problem. We address this gap by devising an analytical strategy that combines function analysis with the analysis of governance structures, property rights, and actors. This strategy is applied to the analysis of changes in ecosystem functions of the Portuguese coastal zone of the Algarve between the mid-eighties and today. Based on the analysis we call for an improvement of the performance of formal institutions in the Algarve. Actors in charge of implementing reformed institutions have to be given the financial and human means to implement formal property rights. Furthermore, entitlements for resource exploitation and interconnected transactions should not anymore be taken for granted. Specifically, institutions to control land use should be made more effective and incentives, that exclusively promote development, such as the construction tax, need to be questioned.     

Measuring crowding-related comfort in public transport

ABSTRACT

In this paper we focus on the estimation of crowding in public transport – specifically urban rail systems – and its effect on perceived comfort. It is different from similar studies in the method it employs for estimating crowding levels in vehicles. Specifically, we formulate a function of time and location, which uses only passenger embarking data to estimate the number of passengers in vehicles. Then we convert the estimated crowding values into perceived discomfort levels by trip section. Our method depends on hourly seasonality assumptions but provides good estimates of crowding in urban rail systems even when passenger alighting data is not available. We illustrate the implementation of our model with the example of the Istanbul Metro system.     

水下单层圆柱壳振动声辐射预报的测点布置改进方法

为解决水下单层圆柱壳结构振动声辐射预报中的测点布置问题,本文提出一种测点布置改进方法——均匀子集随机选取测点方法。该方法将所有待选测点分成相互独立的均匀子集,然后从各个子集中随机选取一个测点,再通过目标函数对每组测点进行评价,从而选择出好的测点组合。通过与均匀布置方法得到的振动声辐射预报结果对比表明,本文提出的均匀子集随机选取测点方法不仅保证较高的振动声辐射预报精度,且避免均匀布置方法中测点选择的主观性和盲目性,是一种优秀的测点布置方法。     

两栖车辆非线性横摇阻尼系数估计

为了估计两栖车辆非线性横摇阻尼系数,根据能量法提出了能量损耗函数概念,并根据两栖车辆自由横摇衰减曲线确定实验的能量损耗函数,再采用最小二乘法来确定非线性阻尼系数.为了考察该方法的有效性,通过数值仿真的方法生成模拟自由横摇衰减曲线,采用提出的方法预报了不同初始条件下的阻尼系数,最后根据两栖车辆的自由横摇衰减曲线,估计了平方型的阻尼系数.结果表明该方法精度高、操作简单,不但适用于小角度横摇,而且适用于大角度横摇.     

一种基于核函数法的步行需求预测方法

步行需求预测对于步行系统的发展及规划非常重要，在概略规划方法的基础上，通过分析步行出行的相关特征，引入核密度函数法表达步行出行特征，形成基于核密度函数的步行需求预测方法，通过对中山市主城区的实际应用，方法具有较好的可操作性。     

КЛУБ-У-E型机车信号装置及其在KZ4A型机车上的应用

文章介绍了КЛУ-БУ-E型机车信号装置的组成和功能,及其在KZ4A型电力机车上的应用和试验内容。     

柯西型积分和平面上边值问题

综述平面各种边值问题的发展状况：以Cauchy型主值奇异积分为主线,用Plemelj公式求解基本的依跳跃问题,然后从齐次Riemann边值问题的解公式和典则函数得到非齐次Riemann边值问题的解;将Hilbert边值问题化为Riemann边值问题求解.进一步对周期、双周期、群不变的边值、带位移边值及它们相互之间的复合等各种问题,提供转化为典型问题的进展和文献.     

消除三相电压不平衡引起的电压源逆变器直流环节电压脉动的控制方法

研究和分析了用于消除电网不平衡时电压源逆变器直流母线脉动电流的补偿控制方法.脉动电流不仅影响传动装置的运行性能,而且降低逆变器的电源品质.控制参数范围的选择取决于变流器抵抗电压不平衡的能力和系统参数.文中讨论和分析了在控制参数范围内控制方法对每相的功率因数和电流幅值的影响,重点分析了功率因数和前端整流器输入端电流不平衡问题,并提供系统在无补偿控制和补偿控制两种状态下的数值仿真和实验测量结果.     

单行地图在曲面上的计数

单行地图为仅有两个点的点次为奇数的地图.本文主要目的是研究单行地图在一般曲面上的计数函数,并依据不同的参数建立相应的函数方程.