Performance indicators for the road sector

Seeing the trend for public accountability of road administrations and noting the many reform efforts undertaken in transport sectors around the world, the OECD established a Scientific Expert Group on Performance Indicators for the Road Sector in 1996 to provide its member countries a framework for assessing road administrations' performance. The results of the Expert Group's work is presented in this paper.Fifteen indispensable, forty primary, and thirty-five secondary indicators are proposed to portray the road sector from different perspectives. They are designed to be changed in response to human needs and technological development and supplemented by country specific indicators. In keeping with this approach and in support of one of the maxims of the Expert Group that 'useful performance indicators are those which are used', an application in the form of a Field Test is now in progress by an OECD task force.The Performance Indicators proposed are grounded in a mental model adopted by the Expert Group. This model is management by results model, and is useful as a theoretical tool in the many highly fluid contexts in which restructuring is moving forward. In the model, the products and services are judged by standards or criteria; outcomes – derivatives of products and services through user interface – are judged relative to objectives and user satisfaction. The achievement of objectives, however, is not proposed as the only or even primary basis of evaluation. The situation is more abstract and complex. Therefore, the various uses of Performance Indicators – including the opportunities to assist road administrations in becoming learning organizations – are given much emphasis in the paper. The views and conclusions in the paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations.     

基于模糊C均值聚类的城市道路交通状态判别

为及时判别城市道路交通状态,考虑城市道路交通特征的差异性和交通流的波动特性,对状态指标的合理性进行分析;将交通状态划分为畅通、缓行、拥堵、阻塞4类,提出一种基于模糊C均值聚类（FC M ）判别城市道路交通状态的算法。选取车速、流量、占有率作为交通状态判断指标,根据不同指标设计3种方案,用MATLAB模糊逻辑工具箱分析出仿真数据的聚类中心,对不同指标组合下的各样本交通状态进行判断,验证算法判别的可行性。结果表明,以速度、流量、占有率为参数的FCM算法能较好地判别城市道路交通状态,精度较高。     

基于路网承载力的停车配建指标

城市规划设计部门多采用类比法制定停车配建指标,虽然可操作性强,但是较为主观。为优化停车配建指标制定方法,基于城市交通模型的规划年路网及OD,推算小区在过境OD下的剩余路网承载力;通过对多个小区进行有无小区分析法,以不同业态建筑产生的机动车交通需求不大于剩余路网承载力为约束条件,建立多个停车配建指标约束方程;同时以停车配建基本供应量最大化建立目标函数,进而求解出合理的停车配建指标。以中山市翠亨新区中央商务区为例,建立停车配建指标计算模型,验证了模型方法的可操作性。结果表明,基于城市路网宏观模型,以路网承载力反推的停车配建指标,既适应城市交通发展战略,也可在一定程度上缓解由停车造成的交通拥堵。     

高速公路波形梁护栏损坏等级划分

分析了波形梁护栏损坏机理,结合护栏部件的实际损坏情况,以护栏板最大挠度和立柱顶部偏移量作为护栏损坏等级划分指标,根据力学模型分析得出指标值;以实验验证的指标值为依据,将护栏损坏等级划分为3个等级;根据护栏损坏等级明确了波形梁护栏的维修方案。     

汽车召回现状及缺陷模式研究

对近5年国内外汽车召回情况进行综合研究。基于我国汽车召回数据库,参照欧美国家同期数据,对汽车召回的现状、产生缺陷的原因及制造商群体特征等进行分析;提出以"召回率"作为评价召回实施情况的主要指标。数据表明,我国的汽车召回总体水平相对较低,汽车制造商在召回主动性方面有待提高。     

Factoring a real value of cargo in port investment and funding decisions

Ports are marine gateways to economic activities. Ports’ ability to perform services depends on their facilities, harbor conditions, and other factors. Generally, ports have control over their facilities but must compete for funding to improve them. As for waterways, in the U.S., a Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund was established to fund dredging, which levies a 0.125% cargo value tax on most shippers using U.S. coastal and Great Lakes harbors. Yet, commonly, a gross tonnage metric is used to allocate the fund’s resources, resulting in under-maintenance of some harbors. This, reportedly, deters additional port funding and hinders valuable commerce. Supplemental economic metrics, such as value of commerce or cargo, can improve port financing decisions, but such data is not readily available. Container ports collect cargo value data in nominal terms, but bulk ports do not. When making economic decisions, however, real values must be used. Further, when allocating resources, decision-makers must be able to assess ports over time and relative to each other. Conforming to these criteria, this paper develops three port financing indicators based on a real value of cargo and illustrates their calculations using the U.S. Port of Duluth-Superior as a case study.     

一种可被生物降解的复合材料开发

现有淀粉基PP材料制作的一次性食品包装用容器耐候性和抗冻性较差,气温低于-10℃时易脆化开裂,且卫生指标有若干项严重超标,长期使用可能会对人体有害。为有效解决淀粉基PP材料的诸多缺点,提出一种聚乙烯、淀粉与无机填料相互结合的复合材料体系。采用高速搅拌混合、挤出造粒的工艺制备了该复合材料,经过万能试验机测试了力学性能,发现其大多数力学性能和耐热指标达到或超过了淀粉基PP材料,且在一定范围内微调配方,对该材料的综合性能影响比较小,其最高值与最低值误差不超过15％;又采用定量溶剂浸泡实验测试了其卫生指标,证实该材料已达到国家标准,长期使用对人体无害;并且对该材料做了户外耐候性、抗冷冻、耐化学腐蚀性测试,发现其外观无明显变化,力学性能也无明显下降。     

桥面铺装沥青混合料的技术性能与标准研究

运用有限元软件ANSYS分别建立水泥混凝土桥沥青混凝土铺装层结构和沥青混凝土路面结构的三维实体模型,通过桥面铺装层结构与路面面层结构的应力状态对比研究发现：桥面铺装层结构的最大拉拔力σmax和最大剪应力τmax分别高于路面面层结构的56.1%和45.5%。同时,通过添加剂对沥青混合料性能提升的研究,综合考虑现有的施工技术及工程经验,提出桥面铺装沥青混合料技术指标与标准。     

公交出行分担率及公交优先发展评价研究

近年有的部门和地方政府将公共交通机动化出行分担率作为硬性考核指标。然而,评价指标单一以及对量化值的过分强调,在指导城市公交优先发展实践时将存在局限甚至误导隐患。鉴于此,对公交出行分担率及其评价城市公交优先发展的实施情况开展研究。首先分析公交出行分担率指标使用现状及其评价复杂系统的局限性。深入剖析公交优先发展与交通拥堵、城市规划、能源环境等要素的互动机理。以倡导绿色出行为目标、以通勤出行公交出行分担率为核心,提出三类八项评价指标及其计算模型。最后,从评价指标选用、公共交通与土地利用协调、绿色出行环境建设及管理、公共交通内部各方式协调发展、数据共享等方面提出公交优先实施策略及建议。     

公路隧道经济指标分析与影响

隧道经济指标受结构形式、断面大小、断面形式和围岩级别等诸多因素的影响。通过对各级围岩不同断面大小和形式的隧道经济指标的分析,总结出项目设计时道路等级、隧道断面形式的指导意见。通过工程实例分析隧道长度对经济指标的影响,给出线路布设时隧道规模的控制原则。