Centrifuge modelling of pipe-soil interaction in clay with crust layer

Seabed in regions, such as the Gulf of Guinea and North West Shelf of Australia, may exhibit a crust layer where the undrained shear strength can be an order of magnitude higher than that of the immediately underlying sediment. This can complicate design of steel catenary risers, where fatigue depends on the cyclic vertical stiffness of the pipe-soil interaction. Potential punch-through of the riser into the underlying soft soil may invalidate design assumptions based on the pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer, which exhibits similar properties to an over-consolidated soil, is also poorly understood. This paper describes centrifuge model tests undertaken in a clay sample with a crust layer, simulating the punch-through process of a pipe under load control and investigating the pipe-soil stiffness during long-term cyclic loading tests under displacement control. Results confirm that the potential for punching-through the crust layer depends strongly on the relative ratio of pipe diameter to crust layer thickness. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness showed a steady increase after an initial remoulding stage in contractile soils (normally consolidated and lightly over-consolidated), but a steady reduction in the heavily over-consolidated, more dilatant, crust. The magnitude of pipe-soil stiffness changes (during both remoulding and reconsolidation) is governed by the over-consolidation ratio of the soil and the amplitude of the cyclic displacements. This study provides insights on the relevant cyclic stiffness to consider when assessing SCR fatigue life in over-consolidated soils and soils exhibiting a superficial crust layer.     

Local joint flexibility of tubular X-joints stiffened with external ring or external plates

In the present paper, the Local Joint Flexibility (LJF) of the ring-stiffened X-joints and plate-stiffened X-joints under compressive load is investigated. In the first phase, a finite element (FE) model was generated and verified with the results of available experimental tests and equations. In the next phase, a set number of 234 FE models were created to evaluate the role of the external ring size (β_r and τ_r), the external plate size (β_p and τ_p), and the connection geometry (γ, τ, and β) on the LJF factor (f_LJF). In these FE models, the weld connecting the chord and brace members was generated. The results indicated that the f_LJF of a plate stiffened joint can be down to 76% of the f_LJF of the corresponding un-stiffened joint. Also, the effect of the ring size on the f_LJF was more than the effect of the plate size on the f_LJF, because of the stiffener position. Despite the notable effect of the ring and the plate on the f_LJF, there is not any study or formula on tubular connections stiffened with ring or plate. Therefore, the FE results were used to propose two parametric formulas for determining the f_LJF in X-joints with external ring or external plate under brace compressive load. Moreover, the derived formulas were checked based on the UK DoE acceptance criteria.     

联合重要度在部件相依时的兼容性算法

在含有相依部件的系统中提出一个联合重要度的兼容性算法，即在基本部件不独立（相依）条件下，将故障树的系统结构特点和部件自身的可靠性因素兼容考虑进行联合重要度计算，并将此算法同其它算法的计算结果进行比较，从而验证说明这一算法的有效性．     

南昌红谷沉管隧道短管节干坞内拉合对接施工技术

沉管隧道最终接头短管节在牵移和拉合过程中易发生偏移与倾斜,且GINA止水带压缩到设计值难度较大。以南昌红谷沉管隧道为例,从准备、牵移、拉合及后处理4个阶段介绍短管节对接拉合施工工艺。通过对底钢板打磨、涂抹黄油等,减小底部摩擦阻力。采用计算机控制液压同步提升系统、液压数据量测、钢端壳间距测量等措施,对短管节轴线及平面控制。实践表明:GINA止水带压缩量误差仅为+4 mm,短管节轴线及平面偏差均在可控范围内,短管节干坞内拉合对接操作可行、质量可靠。     

大断面异形盾构隧道弯矩传递系数原型加载试验研究

由于异形盾构隧道特殊的结构断面型式,管片设计暂无相关规范可循,故基于原型三环管片力学加载试验对异形盾构管片环向接头弯矩传递系数进行研究,研究结果表明:1)随埋深增加,异形盾构管片结构整体刚度提升,但由于各接头刚度与相邻管片结构刚度比随埋深增加变化规律不一致,异形盾构管片接头弯矩传递能力呈部分减弱部分增强的现象;2)同埋深条件下,随着侧压力系数的增加,除右拱腰处接头外,其余接头弯矩传递能力随着接头刚度与相邻管片结构刚度比的增大而逐渐增强;3)随着埋深增加,各接头弯矩传递能力对侧压力系数的敏感程度逐渐减弱;4)极限破坏后,异形盾构管片内外弧面裂缝的分布规律证明了明显的弯矩传递现象。     

A study on the stability of a motorcycle wheel–swingarm suspension with chain transmission

The present study describes a possible driving mechanism for a self-excited oscillation observed in motorcycle dynamics, often referred to as chatter. This phenomenon, affecting the performance of road racing motorcycles, has been simulated in straight running braking manoeuvres with multibody motorcycle models. It involves rear suspension bounce and driveline oscillation in the frequency range between 17 and 22?Hz. A simplified model of a motorcycle rear suspension with chain transmission is proposed and its stability in equilibrium configurations is studied via eigenvalue analysis. The sensitivity with respect to all its governing parameters is analysed by means of stability maps and the self-excitation mechanism is explained with the aid of energy balance analysis and phase diagrams. It is found that the key role for the instability onset is played by the gradient of the nonlinear characteristic slip function of the tyre.     

某商用车散热器面罩开裂分析与改进

为解决散热器面罩开裂问题,提出了焊点优化方案和散热器面罩加强板外置/加强板内置方案,并进行了模块化设计,制定了2组改进措施。有限元分析结果表明:2种改进措施与原状态相比,均有良好应力改善效果,满足应力要求。     

CSR-H与CSR强度评估载荷的对比研究

对CSR-H 与CSR用于强度分析的载荷变化进行分析,对各载荷分量的包络值以及应用于等效设计波中的船体梁波浪弯矩、波浪剪力和外部海水压力、加速度等载荷分量的大小进行比较。分析货油舱、干散货舱、压载舱典型位置处的内部压力变化,并对载荷变化可能引起的结构要求变化进行分析和概括。     

考虑应变强化效应海底管道极限承载力研究

文章基于线性强化材料模型,推导了轴向拉力作用下海底管道极限弯矩承载力解析解,给出了海底管道在轴向拉力与弯矩载荷同时作用下的极限承载力的近似解,编制了海底管道极限承载力计算程序BCP。通过与实验结果的比对,验证了解析方法的正确性。结论表明考虑应变强化效应的海底管道极限承载力结算结果更为合理,该文可为海底管道的结构强度设计和安全性评价提供一定的参考依据。     

基于波分析法油膜刚度对轴系扭转振动影响的研究

为确保带减速齿轮箱主推进系统的可靠性,文章对船舶轴系的扭转振动进行了研究。首先根据各组成部件的特点将轴系分解为连续和离散的两个子系统,分别利用波分析法和多自由度系统分析法列出连续子系统的波动形式及离散子系统的振动微分方程,同时考虑了减速齿轮箱油膜刚度的影响。然后根据两子系统连接处的动态平衡和连续条件,建立整个轴系在扭转振动模式下总运动方程,通过求解总方程得到系统的位移响应。该扭转振动分析被应用到某LNG船带减速齿轮箱的轴系振动计算中,通过考虑轴系减速齿轮箱啮合齿面间油膜刚度使轴系扭转振动模型更接近轴系实际运转工况。计算结果显示：随着减速齿轮箱啮合齿面间油膜刚度的增加,最大轴系扭转应力向低转速区域偏移。这对船舶轴系转速禁区的划分产生极大的影响。有助于防止因不良轴系振动计算引起轴系事故的发生。