论城市用地和交通的相互关系

城市是一个复杂的社会经济系统,人们在城市系统中从事各种活动。在城市活动与其用地和出行需求之间,存在着极其复杂的相互关系。认识这种关系并利用其中的规律来进行科学合理的城市用地和交通规划,是城市规划和城市交通学科的基础研究课题之一。从分析城市活动入手,揭示了城市活动是用地和出行的需求之源,进而阐述了城市活动的两个基本供应子系统——用地和交通之间的相互关系。指出重视用地和交通的交互作用,寻求城市活动与其用地和交通之间的供求平衡,既是维持城市健康发展,也是指导城市用地和交通规划的基本原则。     

Travel plans for new developments: a global review

A travel plan is a mechanism for delivering a package of transport measures at a site to manage car use and encourage the use of more sustainable forms of transport. In recent years, travel plans have been required for new infill and greenfield developments through the land-use planning and approvals process, predominantly in the United Kingdom, the United States, continental Europe and Australia. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a global review of travel plans for new developments. The results show that while travel plans for new developments share a common set of elements with those for pre-existing sites, differences within each element are notable, particularly in the types of travel plan measures adopted, processes for managing the travel plan, and approaches to monitoring and review. Results of previous evaluations have varied considerably, although most have reported a reduction in car driver trips of 10–20 percentage points. Despite this, most evaluations lack rigour, with a paucity of robust evidence. Key success factors identified by the literature, such as the provision of an explicit policy supporting the role of travel plans, should be embedded within the travel planning process where possible to ensure best outcomes for new developments.     

A spatial decision support system for retail plan generation and impact assessment

Current geographic information systems typically offer limited analytical capabilities and lack the flexibility to support spatial decision making effectively. Spatial decision support systems aim to fill this gap. Following this approach, this paper describes an operational system for integrated land-use and transportation planning called Location Planner. The system integrates a wide variety of spatial models in a flexible and easy-to-use problem solving environment. Users are able to construct a model out of available components and use the model for impact analysis and optimization. Thus, in contrast to existing spatial decision support systems, the proposed system allows users to address a wide range of problems. The paper describes the architecture of the system and an illustrative application. Furthermore, the potentials of the system for land-use and transportation planning are discussed.     

Transport emissions and travel behaviour: A critical review of recent European Union and UK policy initiatives

There are clear signs of a shift in the UK transport policy in response to concerns about the environmental impacts of road transport and anxieties about the implications of the projected future growth in demand.Much of the framework of UK transport policy is now determined at the overall European Union level. To date most European legislation and policy proposals have been concerned with reducing the specific externalities associated with the transport sector, with none of the measures involved likely to have more than a marginal impact on the growth in demand. The emerging research evidence suggests however that the private costs of car use in Europe may fall substantially short of its total social costs and there is an important emerging policy debate about how this gap might be closed.The UK has introduced a policy package designed to reduce the growth of car travel and its environmental impact, within which land-use planning measures feature prominently. The land-use policies, which to some extent represent a reassertion of many traditional UK planning policies, include: an emphasis on focussing new development in urban areas, increasing residential densities, strengthening the role of existing centres and improving provision for walking and cycling.A number of factors will constrain the effectiveness of the package in practice. There are also concerns about its impact on key environmental objectives, including air quality. There are important questions too about the welfare effects of increasing densities and about the wider impacts of the package on economic efficiency.     

Long-term impacts of transport infrastructure networks on land-use change: an international review of empirical studies

Improvements in geographical information systems, the wider availability of high-resolution digital data and more sophisticated econometric techniques have all contributed to increasing academic interest and activity in long-term impacts of transport infrastructure networks (TINs) on land use (LU). This paper provides a systematic review of recent empirical evidence from the USA, Europe and East Asia, classified regarding the type of transport infrastructure (road or rail), LU indicator (land cover, population or employment density, development type) and outcome (significance, relationship’s direction) as well as influential exogenous factors. Proximity to the rail network is generally associated with population growth (particularly soon after the development of railway infrastructure), conversion to residential uses and the development of higher residential densities. Meanwhile, proximity to the road network is frequently associated with increases in employment densities as well as the conversion of land to a variety of urban uses including commercial and industrial development. Compared with road infrastructure, the impact of rail infrastructure is often less significant for land cover or population and employment density change. The extent of TINs’ impact on LU over time can be explained by the saturation in TIN-related accessibility and LU development.     

城市用地格局对居民出行影响研究

城市用地格局对居民出行有着决定性的影响.我国城市的发展实践表明,不同发展阶段形成的不同特征的用地格局往往导致完全迥异的居民出行特征,现阶段各大城市蔓延形成的无序且低密度的用地模式通常不利于居民出行良性结构的形成.借鉴景观生态学中的空间格局分析方法,引入多样性、优势度、均匀度、破碎度等指数对城市用地空间格局进行定量描述,在此基础上研究了苏州市城区用地格局演变对居民出行特征的影响,指出用地格局不合理是导致居民出行条件恶化的主要因素.     

城市用地开发交通影响分析的案例解析

对三个用地开发项目交通影响分析的实际案例分别从不同的侧面进行了解析.案例A是对居住零售用地项目的交通影响分析,比较系统地演示了开展项目交通影响分析的主要步骤,包括分析方案的确定,现状交通条件、项目新增出行量及其交通影响的分析,以及交通影响消减措施的拟定和责任分担的计算.案例B针对在城市中心商业广场计划新建的一个超级市场项目,主要介绍了基于交通观测的相关系数模型法在项目出行分布预测中的应用过程.案例C则重点阐述了运用交通规划模型来分析大型区域性商业开发区的交通影响.最后对几个基本技术问题进行了讨论.     

依据交通承载力确定土地适宜开发强度——以北京中心城控制性详细规划为例

为了实现土地利用与交通的协调发展,基于土地利用与交通双向互动理论,对评价土地开发强度与交通承载力关系的定量分析方法进行了研究。建立了静态对比测算和动态模型测试相结合的交通承载力分析方法,以协调土地利用与交通的关系。以《北京中心城控制性详细规划》为例,在静态对比测算中,将北京市中心城区各街区居住用地、产业用地发开强度与交通承载力进行了对比分析。在动态模型测试中,对3种方案的道路流量、交通负荷进行了对比,在空间分布上定位不协调区域及不协调程度。     

面向新城的土地利用-交通整体规划建模方法

在城市高质量发展的背景下,大量城市新城的规划缺乏新城与主城协同的土地利用与交通系统的一体化规划,造成众多的不协调问题,如新城与主城间交通走廊拥堵和"鬼城"等.因此,本文基于新城、主城的土地利用与交通系统的交互关系,提出面向新城规划的城市土地利用-交通整体规划模型建模方法.通过为主城与新城分别构建相应的宏观经济预测模块、...