逆向可变车道释放特性及其安全评价

运用统计分析比较了设置逆向可变车道的交叉口与常规交叉口之间的安全风险,结果显示设置逆向可变车道的交叉口预信号红灯违规比例明显提高,并且对向车辆在逆向可变车道内行驶的平均速度降低了15.31%;运用概率统计及视频处理技术分析了设置逆向可变车道的左转车流在交叉口内的释放特性及其空间轨迹特点;采用交通冲突技术(后侵入时间)来确定逆向可变车道的车流与左转专用车道的车流在释放过程中的冲突程度,并与双左转车道进行显著性检验,结果显示设置逆向可变车道会增大交叉口内部左转车流之间的干扰程度. 研究成果有助于提高设置逆向可变车道交叉口的安全性.     

基于Nested Logit模型的共享单车选择行为研究

近两年来,共享单车迅速发展,已有研究较少从微观角度来阐释共享单车的选择行为.本文基于随机效用理论,构建Nested Logit模型,选取出行目的、接驳时间、在车时间、停车时间、费用等出行特征变量,选取下雨(雪)、空气质量、气温、风力等级等天气状况变量,选取年龄、性别、收入等社会经济变量作为效用函数的特征变量,采用D-optimal法设计问卷,在济南市开展共享单车实证调查.基于收集到的样本进行参数标定,找出影响共享单车及其他出行方式选择的关键影响因素;并对共享单车的乘车费用与接驳时间进行弹性分析,明确了共享单车乘车费用与接驳时间变化对短途出行结构的影响.     

年龄差异下的拉萨朝圣人群出行行为特征分析

为了更好地了解朝圣人群的出行行为特征,进而引导高原居民低碳化出行,从拉萨居民出行样本数据库中抽取出2 686 条出行信息,建立朝圣人群出行样本集。在应用层次分析法对朝圣人群出行影响因素进行判定的基础上,对不同年龄阶段的朝圣人群的出行行为特征进行了分析。结果表明：年龄是影响朝圣人群出行的核心内在因素,不同年龄阶段的朝圣人群出行行为特征呈现出了不同的变化趋势;24~48 岁年龄段的朝圣人群出行频率最高,达到2.43 次/d;61~65 岁年龄段的朝圣人群朝圣活动的出行距离最长,其平均转经绕行距离达到了7.8km;出行时间随着朝圣人群年龄的增长逐渐增长,符合人体自然衰老的过程;公共汽车是不同年龄段朝圣人群出行的首选,其中66~70 岁年龄段朝圣人群选择公交出行的比例最高,达到63%;对60 岁以上的人群实施免费乘坐公共汽车的惠民政策对朝圣人群的出行产生了良好的引导效果。     

互通式立交变速车道平面几何设计探讨

变速车道是互通式立体交叉的重要主成单元,本文结合实践经验对各类型变速车道设计中遇到的一些问题进行了探讨.     

铝／钢电弧钎焊界面现象及行为

主要研究在TIG电弧加热条件下，不同焊接参数对Al-Si钎料在钢上的润湿过程中的铺展行为，Al-Si钎料与母材Q235钢的界面冶金行为的影响。通过SEM/EDAX以及热力学方法分析了钎焊接头组织及钎缝的成分分布，研究发现在电弧钎焊条件下，铝/钢界面上容易形成富铝的金属间化合物Fe2Al5,并且随着燃弧时间的增加，Fe2Al5会和Al继续反应生成FeAl和FeAl3，另外2种铁/铝金属间化合物。通过本研究可为铝/钢连接提供理论基础也可为铝/钢制品的轻量化研究提供技术借鉴。     

The Market for Transportation-Land Use Integration: Do Developers Want Smarter Growth than Regulations Allow?

Transportation and land use research of the past decade has focused in large part on the question of whether manipulating land uses in the direction of smart growth alternatives can reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or otherwise improve travel behavior. Yet the notion of manipulating land uses implies that the alternative is somehow self-organized or market-based. This view appears to underestimate the extent to which current planning interventions in the United States – largely focused on lowering development densities, mandating ample road and parking designs, and separating land uses – impose an auto-oriented template on most new development. Rather than a market failure, the paucity of smart growth alternatives may be a planning failure – the result of municipal regulatory exclusion. This problem definition would shift the burden of proof for policy reform, as uncertainty in travel-behavior benefits would hardly justify the continuation of exclusionary regulations. If municipal regulations in fact constrain alternatives to low-density, auto-oriented development, one would expect developers to perceive unsatisfied market interest in such development. This article studies, through a national survey (676 respondents), US developers' perceptions of the market for pedestrian-and transit-oriented development forms. Overall, respondents perceive considerable market interest in alternative development forms, but believe that there is inadequate supply of such alternatives relative to market demand. Developer-respondents attribute this gap between supply and demand principally to local government regulation. When asked how the relaxation of these regulations would affect their product, majorities of developers indicated that such liberalization would lead them to develop in a denser and more mixed-use fashion, particularly in close-in suburban locales. Results are interpreted in favor land-policy reform based on the expansion of choice in transportation and land use. This view contrasts with a more prevalent approach which conditions policy interventions on scientific evidence of travel-behavior modification.     

A combined activity/travel choice model for congested road networks with queues

This paper presents a combined activity/travel choice model and proposes a flow-swapping method for obtaining the model's dynamic user equilibrium solution on congested road network with queues. The activities of individuals are characterized by given temporal utility profiles. Three typical activities, which can be observed in morning peak period, namely at-home activity, non-work activity on the way from home to workplace and work-purpose activity, will be considered in the model. The former two activities always occur together with the third obligatory activity. These three activities constitute typical activity/travel patterns in time-space dimension. At the equilibrium, each combined activity/travel pattern, in terms of chosen location/route/departure time, should have identical generalized disutility (or utility) experienced actually. This equilibrium can be expressed as a discrete-time, finite-dimensional variational inequality formulation and then converted to an equivalent "zero-extreme value" minimization problem. An algorithm, which iteratively adjusts the non-work activity location, corresponding route and departure time choices to reach an extreme point of the minimization problem, is proposed. A numerical example with a capacity constrained network is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed model and solution algorithm.     

基于驾驶员行为模拟的ACC控制算法

基于驾驶员最优预瞄加速度模型建立了一种适用于多种典型行驶工况的ACC控制算法。该算法采用基于多目标模糊决策方法的驾驶安全性、工效性、轻便性与合法性评价指标以及基于预瞄跟随理论的微分校正函数，描述了ACC控制系统对自由工况、跟随工况和切入工况等不同行驶条件及汽车动力学系统强非线性特性的考虑。     

基于模糊集理论的车道标志线精确检测

为了解决复杂路面条件下车道标志线的检测问题,提出了一种基于模糊集理论的车道标志线精确检测方法.采用阈值分割、腐蚀、边缘检测等技术对交通图像进行处理;通过Hough变换粗略提取位于各车道标志线及其附近的所有亮点像素作为待分类的像素点,构成样本集;按照模糊聚类分析准则得到直线的斜率和截距,实现车道标志线的精确检测.实验证明了该方法的精确性和有效性.     

基于仿真的交通信号控制优化策略研究

根据道路流量,研究了利用灵活的控制策略提高交通控制的效率问题.针对信号控制交叉口实际流量动态变化的特征,在现有传统控制方法的基础上根据交叉口交通流的变化特点,提出采用可变车道控制模式的控制方法、单边轮放控制模式的控制方法,介绍了其潜在的适用条件、优势及特点,并在交通流量调查的的基础上,建立了交叉口的相应仿真模型,利用信号控制仿真软件Synchro验证了在高峰期不同控制方法的效果.仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方法适用于具有相应流量特点的交叉口,提高了信号交叉口的控制效率.