Non-exhaust particle emissions under various driving conditions: Implications for sustainable mobility

Non-exhaust particle (NEP) emissions from road traffic contribute significantly to Particulate Matter (PM) pollution in urban areas. The primary objective herein is to develop the knowledge required to move toward more sustainable mobility. NEP emissions are studied by means of complementary experiments on chassis dynamometers, on test tracks and at the roadside. Laboratory tests demonstrate that brake wear particles (BWP) emissions can change with braking force and frequency. A brake pad temperature threshold exists, above which the rate of ultrafine particle emissions is quite high. Below this threshold, the BWP emissions are dominant in the accumulation and coarse modes. Test track measurements have demonstrated that tire-road contact particle (TRCP) emissions considerably modify the atmospheric PM background especially for the supermicron fraction. Their number size distribution highlighted an ultrafine and accumulation modes centered at about 40 nm and 200 nm, respectively. The TRCP level increases with vehicle speed and during the acceleration and deceleration phases. Roadside measurements in the urban environment confirm the presence of NEP in significant proportions, in both the accumulation and coarse modes. The chemical composition of NEP differs depending on the size mode: BWP mainly stem from the degradation of brake pad lining materials, while TRCP are a mixture of tire tread wear and re-suspended dust. The presence of Fe-rich particles nevertheless serves as a good indicator of the NEP contribution to PM at the roadside. Lastly, in considering the parameters influencing NEP emissions, a series of recommendations are offered in order to achieve a more sustainable mobility.     

基于地铁-货车联运的物流配送路径优化

为应对配送车辆引起道路拥堵和环境污染问题，提出地铁与货车联合运输. 在不改变地铁运行方案的前提下，利用地铁非高峰时段开展货物配送；考虑地铁剩余运能、货车容量、最大行驶距离、客户服务时间窗等限制条件，以配送距离最短为优化目标，构建基于地铁-货车联运的物流配送路径优化模型. 通过地铁配送路径设计不规则二维矩阵编码结构，使用改进自适应遗传算法求解. 以某市地铁货物运输为例，验证模型和算法的实用性、有效性. 结果表明，地铁-货车联合配送距离短，在客户时间窗范围内送达比例高，有效提高客户满意度.     

淤泥质土封闭作用下侧压力试验研究

天然软土上覆的硬壳层对其下的软土具有封闭作用,会改变其下软土层侧压力分布及传递规律。为探究封闭作用下淤泥质土侧向土压力特性,通过模拟3种不同工况的室内试验,研究含水率、加载方式、硬壳层完整性对侧压力竖向分布规律,侧压力系数及横向传递特性的影响。试验结果表明:侧向土压力沿深度呈上段抛物线、下段近似直线的半抛物线形分布,其半抛物线趋势受含水率、荷载等级的影响;侧压力系数在一定范围内随深度增加,之后趋于稳定,受含水率影响不大。该结果证明,封闭状态下淤泥质土侧向受荷性能具有类似流体的性质,从工程安全角度考虑,设计时可将封闭状态下淤泥质土侧压力系数取为1。同时,硬壳层完整性对淤泥土中应力传递具有一定影响。     

柴油机配气机构运动两种视觉仿真方法的比较

柴油机凸轮配气机构的凸轮型线比较复杂，其与运动的挺柱是视觉仿真开发的难点。在开发虚拟维修模块过程中，提出了两种实现配气机构运动学仿真的方法：一是进行理论计算，得到凸轮机构实时位置，然后依此实现视觉仿真，但此种方法占用系统资源较大，运行费时；二是以视觉仿真中碰撞检测技术作为开发手段，实现挺柱与凸轮之间相互作用的表现方法，找出碰撞检测技术的关键点，并且解决了应用这种方法时挺柱等机构出现的抖动问题。最后对两种方法进行了比较，指出后一方法较容易实现。     

京港澳高速沿线设施功能改造研究

京港澳涿州至石家庄段改扩建工程按A级设置了较完善的沿线设施,通过功能性整体评价提出了改进建议;针对安全设施、监控、收费、通信、供配电照明等设施及房建工程找出不合理之处,提出具体改进方法。     

Simple analytical models for estimating the queue lengths from probe vehicles at traffic signals

As mobile traffic sensor technology gets more attention, mathematical models are being developed that utilize this new data type in various intelligent transportation systems applications. This study introduces simple analytical estimation models for queue lengths from tracked or probe vehicles at traffic signals using stochastic modeling approach. Developed models estimate cycle-to-cycle queue lengths by using primary parameters such as arrival rate, probe vehicle proportions, and signal phase durations. Valuable probability distributions and moment generating functions for probe information types are formulated. Fully analytical closed-form expressions are given for the case ignoring the overflow queue and approximation models are presented for the overflow case. Derived models are compared with the results from VISSIM-microscopic simulation. Analytical steady-state and cycle-to-cycle estimation errors are also derived. Numerical examples are shown for the errors of these estimators that change with probe vehicle market penetration levels, arrival rates, and volume-to-capacity ratios.     

风道系统压力分布与风机关系的探讨

通过对常用的几种通风管道内的压力分布情况进行分析，可以在进行通风系统设计应用时，根据不同的通风管道布局，更加直观地判断风机选择的合理性，使通风管道的设计在保证使用效果的前提下，其初投资和运行费用降为最低。     

三轮摩托车无后桥调节杆机械式制动系统的可行性分析及CAD辅助设计

大部分三轮摩托车和三轮电动车机械制动型后悬架均采用有后桥调节杆结构,该结构的后悬架系统对制动系统影响不大,一般均能保证制动系统性能稳定,但后桥调节杆大多采用正、反向调节螺栓、螺母结构,行驶中容易松动或脱落,造成后桥中心线相对车身倾斜微小角度,车身纵向中心偏离直线行驶方向,存在左右车轮制动器制动不平衡等安全隐患。     

浅议现代玻璃幕墙建筑光污染

着重探讨现代玻璃幕墙建筑构成光污染的成因，通过对玻璃幕墙建筑的光照分析，探讨解决光污染的有效方法和应采取的相应措施。     

基于图论理论的舰船配电网故障恢复算法

提出基于最小生成树理论和分割分层拓扑模型的舰船配电网故障恢复快速算法,利用图对实际配电网进行符合图论要求的简化,给出舰船电力系统的配电网络分割分层拓扑结构,建立综合了舰船负载优先级、开关动作次数最少、电网可靠性最高为目标的数学模型。考虑了线路容量限制、配电网连通性及节点电压约束的约束条件。理论分析及实例证明,算法充分利用舰船配电网监控系统中的实时信息,能提供最优解,直接控制相关开关动作,具有明确的可操作性。