世界银行保险业发展纵览--美国、欧洲和中国银行保险发展趋势对比

20世纪90年代以来,由于内外部环境的变化,商业银行纷纷走上多元化经营之路,其中银行保险是金融混业经营的一种模式。本文列举了具有代表性的美国、欧洲银行保险业近年的发展特点,并对比中国银行保险目前的状况,从而得出相关结论,期待可以对我国银行保险业的发展有所帮助。     

Modeling traffic crash rates of road segments through a lognormal hurdle framework with flexible scale parameter

This study examines distributional characteristics of crash rates for road segments using observed accident data. The results indicate that the distribution of crash rates is mixed and right‐skewed, which motivates the consideration of non‐normal distributions. With the aid of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, kernel density plots, and Q–Q plots, the lognormal distribution is verified as an appropriate candidate for representing the positive domain of crash rates. Then, a lognormal hurdle model was developed and also compared with gamma and Weibull hurdle models. Further, the lognormal hurdle model was revised by allowing the scale parameter to vary with respect to explanatory variables. Such a modification enables the heterogeneous skewness of samples to be captured while enhancing the modeling flexibility. The proposed model was also compared with a Tobit model, an alternative approach that treats crash rates as censored data. Among all these models, the proposed lognormal hurdle model with flexible scale parameter presents the best modeling performance, and the analyses also reveal that several explanatory variables affect crash rates through not only the location parameter but also the scale parameter in the lognormal model. This study finally attempted to inspect crash rates through count models, and it discovered that the proposed hurdle model is superior because it is able to output the whole distribution form of crash rates, whereas the crash count model can only provide the expected value of crash rates, provided the exposure variable servers as an offset term in the link function of the mean parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling transit technology selection in a linear transportation corridor

This paper proposes an analytical model for investigating transit technology selection problem from a perspective of transit authority. Given a transit technology alternative (e.g., metro, light rail transit, or bus rapid transit), the proposed model aims to maximize the social welfare of the transit system by determining the optimal combination of transit line length, number of stations, station location (or spacing), headway, and fare. In the proposed model, the effects of passenger demand elasticity and capacity constraint are explicitly considered. The properties of the model are examined analytically, and a heuristic solution procedure for determining the model solution is presented. By comparing the optimized social welfare for different transit technology alternatives, the optimal transit technology solution can be obtained together with critical population density. On the basis of a simple population growth rate formula, optimal investment timing of a new transit technology can be estimated. The proposed methodology is illustrated in several Chinese cities. Insightful findings are reported on the interrelation among transit technology selection, population density, transit investment cost, and transit line parameter design as well as the comparison between social welfare maximization and profit maximization regimes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于围岩力学参数的TBM净掘进速率多元回归预测模型

TBM净掘进速率与围岩地质条件密切相关,特别是岩体力学参数。为研究TBM净掘进速率与围岩力学参数之间的内在联系,以兰州水源地建设工程输水隧洞双护盾TBM施工为背景,选取岩石单轴抗压强度、单轴抗拉强度、泊松比、变形模量等围岩力学参数,进行TBM净掘进速率与围岩力学参数相关性分析,得到相应的拟合关系式。在单因素分析的基础上,经过线性处理,建立TBM净掘进速率的多元线性回归预测模型。研究结果表明： TBM净掘进速率与围岩力学参数之间具有明显的线性相关性,TBM净掘进速率随单轴抗压强度、单轴抗拉强度和变形模量的增大而减小,随泊松比的增大而增大; TBM净掘进速率多元线性回归预测模型总体上精度较高,其预测误差在15%以内,且对不同围岩类型具有较强的适用性。研究成果能够为TBM施工性能评估提供新的参考。     

考虑车流异质性的信号交叉口疏解车辆跟驰模型

为客观地描述绿灯期间交叉口进口道异质疏解车流的跟驰行为,基于实测数据验证全速差模型发现,其加速度、速度、车间距的仿真结果存在较大误差. 考虑不同车型车辆性能和驾驶员驾驶行为差异,基于4 种跟驰情景,即小客车跟驰小客车(car-car),小客车跟驰公交车(car-bus),公交车跟驰小客车(bus-car),公交车跟驰公交车(bus-bus),建立考虑车流异质性的车辆跟驰模型. 结果表明,改进模型的性能提升明显,较全速差模型,速度和跟驰间距的均方根百分比误差(RMSPE)分别下降了15.29%,22.32%,更符合交叉口进口道异质疏解车流的跟驰行为.     

非常发性瓶颈区可变限速控制方法

通过分析快速路发生非常发性瓶颈时主线通行效率和安全性特征,结合路网均衡分配方法,研究快速路的可变限速控制方法。首先,分析快速路发生非常发性瓶颈时主线通行效率和安全性特征,利用元胞传输模型(CTM)计算可变限速控制下主线通行效率和安全性指标。其次,以快速路主线、辅路和周边主次干道所组成的路网为研究对象,研究限速控制条件下的路网均衡问题。然后,建立可变限速控制条件下的路网均衡双层规划模型。最后,利用算法求解出模型并进行VISSIM仿真,仿真结果表明,可变限速控制能有效提高快速路主线出行的通行效率和安全性。     

基于客流量的城市公共交通运营财政补贴分配优化研究

目前我国大多数城市对公共交通企业亏损都是采用政府和企业协商确定政策性亏损补贴的方法,但这种方法不仅没有提高公交企业的运营效率,而且也没有减轻政府财政补贴的负担.本文分析道路交通和轨道交通的客流量,将轨道交通的趋势客流和道路交通向轨道交通的转移客流的总和作为道路交通企业需要对轨道交通企业进行补贴分配的客流量;应用经济学中的资源配置问题,将公共交通运营收入的财政补贴和公共交通车辆改造的财政补贴看作两种资源,并将其分别分配到道路交通和轨道交通中;以客流量为约束条件,并根据线性规划的对偶理论推算城市公共交通运营财政补贴的影子价格;再联合分配客流量构建城市公共交通运营财政补贴的分配优化模型;最后以重庆市的公共交通为例,验证模型的可行性.     

考虑容量约束的铁路货运竞争性定价策略研究

在铁路传统货运市场营销中,针对定价问题的研究很少考虑铁路货运系统的容量约束,为了将铁路编组站和线路的容量约束与货运价格的制定进行综合优化,引入市场竞争因素,提出了一个以铁路运营企业总利润最大化为上层目标和货主广义费用最小化为下层目标的双层规划模型.在满足约束条件的前提下,该模型能够给出最优的定价策略和运量分配方案,使得铁路运营企业的总利润最大化.为了降低模型求解难度,运用原始—对偶方法将双层规划模型转化成单层整数线性规划模型,给出了精确的求解算法.通过算例验证了该模型在我国铁路货运定价中的可行性.     

内河集装箱港锚地—泊位资源配置多目标决策

鉴于锚地—泊位资源配置直接影响内河集装箱港的运作效率,且受到内河航道及岸线等设施资源制约,本文在考虑船舶通行安全的基础上,运用随机服务理论,以港口总成本和船舶在港等待时间最小为目标,建立内河集装箱港锚地—泊位配置的多目标规划模型,设计了一种针对非线性整数规划问题的实代码遗传算法,并以重庆某集装箱港作为算例,验证该模型的合理性和算法的有效性,同时分析了不同船舶到港强度和泊位服务强度下的锚地—泊位最佳配置关系,为建立和拓展内河集装箱港资源优化和配置提供理论基础.     

不同荷载图式作用下桥上无缝线路纵向力研究

2016年客货共线设计活载采用ZKH荷载图式代替了中-活载图式,其与ZK荷载图式存在明显差异,但两者作用下的无缝线路纵向力差异鲜有研究。建立有砟轨道单线简支梁线桥模型,对比分析了ZK,ZKH荷载图式作用下的无缝线路纵向力,研究了荷载图式变化对无缝线路纵向力的影响,并对建议的墩顶线刚度限值进行探讨。研究结果表明:ZK荷载图式作用下的无缝线路纵向力明显小于ZKH荷载图式,不同荷载图式引起的无缝线路纵向力差别受桥梁跨度影响不大,荷载图式作用下的无缝线路纵向力与图式竖向荷载基本呈线性关系。设计活载较大的线路对应的墩顶纵向线刚度限值也越大。