Design and evaluation of an integrated inventory and transportation system

This paper proposes the adoption of an integrated inventory and transportation system (IITS) to minimize the total costs of inventory and transportation. A non-linear programing is developed by analyzing transportation and inventory costs with one supplier and many retailers in the distribution environment. The paper compares the proposed model with the traditional approach in computing total costs with numerical data. The results indicate that the total costs can be optimized by adopting integrated programing rather than the traditional approach, along with achieving improved customer service levels. In particular, sensitivity analysis is applied to determine the performance of the IITS under various transportation costs, holding costs and shortage costs. It shows that the transportation cost per unit is most sensitive in the proposed model. In this situation, the IITS is more effective for cost saving when set-up cost, holding and shortage costs are high, but is less effective for situations involving high per-unit transportation costs.     

Cooperation in transit delivery in West German metropolitan areas

West Germany is densely populated, averaging 245 inhabitants/km², but varying widely between urban agglomerations and rural areas. Transport volume has increased by 40% since 1970, with virtually all growth due to private automobiles. Since 1981 public transit has been suffering from decreasing demand.A 1964 Expert's Report to the German federal government was the stimulus for initiating an effective funding mechanism for new public transit construction. In 1965 Germany's first federated transit authority was founded for the region of Hamburg.Principal among the goals of any cooperative agreement among transit companies are improvements for the passengers and improvement of revenues for the companies. To attain these ends, two distinct forms of transit aggrements have been developed in Germany: transit cooperative (Verkehrsgemeinschaft) and transit federation (Verkehrsverbund). The former is more suitable for smaller to medium-sized towns, while the latter is more suitable for larger cities. The two types are described in this article.German transit federations during the 1970s succeeded in significantly increasing ridership, while during the 1980s patronage has either remained steady or has declined. Yet transit federations showed much better perfomance than did public transit in general. In terms of costs and revenues, no public transit organization in Germany is able to break even; deficits vary between 42% and 55%. The author concludes, however, that hidden subsidies for automobile traffic are far higher, because of environmental damage and the high social cost of traffic accidents.     

浅谈《目标地图》对企业管理的助益

目标地图管理系统是一种将工作目标进行可行性分解并制订计划、定期跟踪管理、反馈结果、解决问题并最终达成目标的过程管理工具。文章通过对比使用目标地图前后的管理优势,介绍目标地图具体的使用办法,应用目标地图管理系统,来解决各类管理弊端,有效避免管理拖沓等问题。     

空心板梁桥铰缝破坏机理精细化有限元分析

空心板梁桥在我国中小跨径桥梁中是一种得到广泛应用的桥梁形式,铰缝病害普遍出现在空心板梁桥的运营过程中,为了更好地对空心板梁桥进行养护加固,需要透彻研究铰缝的破坏机理.首先介绍了我国现行空心板梁桥的设计方法,然后利用ANSYS大型有限元分析软件建立精细化有限元模型对比铰接板法分析横向分布差异,最后研究空心板铰缝的横向正应...     

石首长江公路大桥斜拉索杠杆质量阻尼器应用研究

石首长江公路大桥主桥为主跨820 m的双塔六跨连续不对称空间双索面混合梁斜拉桥,最长斜拉索长约440 m,在外部激励作用下极易发生面内、外振动.针对石首长江公路大桥斜拉索的振动特性,在常规阻尼器的基础上进行构造优化设计,研发了一种双杆倒Y形连接杆斜拉索杠杆质量阻尼器,具有景观协调性好、横向连接刚度大、减振效果好等优点....     

倒装型沥青路面温度场时空分布规律分析

倒装型基层是福建省常用的沥青路面结构型式,其沥青层厚度达26 cm.而沥青材料性质对温度敏感,进行温度场分析很有必要.通过有限元仿真分析,对福建省夏季高温时典型日照下倒装沥青路面结构内的温度场进行计算,得到内部各层温度的时空分布,并经过经验公式和相关资料的实际监测验证.结果表明,有限元分析可以作为沥青路面结构设计和沥青...     

预应力混凝土箱梁损伤后剩余承载力计算及变化规律研究

目前对在役桥梁进行技术状况评定时,往往需采用荷载试验的方法来反映桥梁结构实际损伤所产生的性能退化.然而,荷载试验方法存在费用高、耗时长等问题,进行荷载试验代价巨大,且对于存在损伤的结构具有一定的风险.因此,基于对一新建跨径30 m预制预应力混凝土箱梁进行的足尺模型试验结果,构造定义了2种不同的刚度损伤折减系数,结合规范...     

桩基非对称局部冲刷条件下土体应力变化解析解

传统桩基局部冲刷坑模型主要采用对称形态的坑体来分析,然而实际问题中局部冲刷坑体常为非对称,这使得桩基处于更不利的状态。评价桩基承载力的关键之一是合理计算冲刷坑造成的土体应力状态变化。而对于桩周形成非对称冲刷坑时土体应力变化,目前仍然没有较为完善和严格的理论分析方法。针对该问题,根据已有试验得到的非对称局部冲刷坑形态,提出非对称冲刷坑内土体应力计算的平面应变简化模型;并基于弗拉曼解在半无限空间中的应用,将冲刷坑以上土体看做荷载并引起土体内应力重分布,得到非对称冲刷坑下土体应力分布计算的平面应变解析解。通过有限元中的"生死单元法"模拟非对称局部冲刷坑的形成过程,并将有限元得到的冲刷坑内土体应力结果与解析解计算结果进行对比,验证解析解的正确性。随后基于该方法考虑桩尺寸的影响,得到非对称局部冲刷坑形成后桩周土体的垂直及水平有效应力计算方法,并与有限元计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：在考虑桩尺寸时,解析解计算结果略保守。在此基础之上,对非对称冲刷坑参数的敏感性进行分析,指出桩上、下游侧冲刷深度差值对桩周土体的应力影响较大,得到了非对称冲刷坑下桩周土体的垂直有效应力及水平有效应力差的变化规律,研究结果可为工程设计提供参考。     

天然气爆炸对盾构隧道的作用机制及工后修复

为了使爆炸灾害后的盾构管片得到合理的修复方案,以某地铁盾构施工过程中挖破天然气管道导致爆炸事故为背景,通过介绍爆炸的基本特性、冲击波的传播特点及火焰波的伴生关系,归纳在天然气爆炸过程中,爆炸火焰和冲击波是决定事故危害程度的2个主要因素,同时这些因素中最危险、破坏力最强、破坏区域最大的是冲击波的破坏效应。通过计算隧道内满布天然气时的TNT当量,以及采用拟静力法模拟管片内部的超压分布并计算得到管片的变形,与第三方检测数据中的管片变形指标进行耦合,证明模拟的准确性,为提出合理的区间修复方案提供依据,同时也为类似工程事故的处理和预案提供经验。