Modeling and analysis of mixed flow of cars and powered two wheelers

In modern cities, a rapid increase of motorcycles and other types of Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) is observed as an answer to long commuting in traffic jams and complex urban navigation. Such increasing penetration rate of PTWs creates mixed traffic flow conditions with unique characteristics that are not well understood at present. Our objective is to develop an analytical traffic flow model that reflects the mutual impacts of PTWs and Cars. Unlike cars, PTWs filter between cars, have unique dynamics, and do not respect lane discipline, therefore requiring a different modeling approach than traditional “Passenger Car Equivalent” or “Follow the Leader”. Instead, this work follows an approach that models the flow of PTWs similarly to a fluid in a porous medium, where PTWs “percolate” between cars depending on the gap between them.Our contributions are as follows: (I) a characterization of the distribution of the spacing between vehicles by the densities of PTWs and cars; (II) a definition of the equilibrium speed of each class as a function of the densities of PTWs and cars; (III) a mathematical analysis of the model’s properties (IV) an impact analysis of the gradual penetration of PTWs on cars and on heterogeneous traffic flow characteristics.The proposed model could contribute as an enabler for ‘PTW-aware’ future Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems technologies and traffic regulations.     

拉压载荷作用下裂纹板的振动研究

该文从理论上研究了受面内拉压载荷作用下裂纹板的振动问题。考虑各种参数,比如裂纹的长度、边界条件、载荷等对基频的影响。其结果与有限元进行了对比分析,得出频率随面内拉力的增大而增大,但随面内压力的增大而减小;此外,裂纹的尺寸与边界条件对频率的影响在文中也进行了详细的分析。     

钢管混凝土拱桥桥面铺装动力学特性研究

首先,建立了千岛湖钢管混凝土拱桥的3D有限元模型。通过有限元计算,得到了该钢管混凝土拱桥前8阶的自振频率和自振振型。同时,计算了该钢管混凝土拱桥的水平自振基频与竖向自振基频。接着,选用移动恒载研究车辆荷载作用下的钢管混凝土拱桥桥面铺装结构动力学特性。计算得到该钢管混凝土拱桥的共振速度并分析了桥梁共振响应的可能性。计算了不同车速下跨中节点的竖向最大位移与纵向拉应力,并进一步计算了冲击系数,提出了钢管混凝土拱桥的荷载冲击系数参考值。最后,考虑施工荷载,计算了梁底最大拉应力与最大剪应力,分析了Dynapac CC522型振动压路机施工时对桥梁结构的影响。     

Macroscopic relations of urban traffic variables: Bifurcations, multivaluedness and instability

Recent experimental work has shown that the average flow and average density within certain urban networks are related by a unique, reproducible curve known as the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). For networks consisting of a single route this MFD can be predicted analytically; but when the networks consist of multiple overlapping routes experience shows that the flows observed in congestion for a given density are less than those one would predict if the routes were homogeneously congested and did not overlap. These types of networks also tend to jam at densities that are only a fraction of their routes’ average jam density.This paper provides an explanation for these phenomena. It shows that, even for perfectly homogeneous networks with spatially uniform travel patterns, symmetric equilibrium patterns with equal flows and densities across all links are unstable if the average network density is sufficiently high. Instead, the stable equilibrium patterns are asymmetric. For this reason the networks jam at lower densities and exhibit lower flows than one would predict if traffic was evenly distributed.Analysis of small idealized networks that can be treated as simple dynamical systems shows that these networks undergo a bifurcation at a network-specific critical density such that for lower densities the MFDs have predictably high flows and are univalued, and for higher densities the order breaks down. Microsimulations show that this bifurcation also manifests itself in large symmetric networks. In this case though, the bifurcation is more pernicious: once the network density exceeds the critical value, the stable state is one of complete gridlock with zero flow. It is therefore important to ensure in real-world applications that a network’s density never be allowed to approach this critical value.Fortunately, analysis shows that the bifurcation’s critical density increases considerably if some of the drivers choose their routes adaptively in response to traffic conditions. So far, for networks with adaptive drivers, bifurcations have only been observed in simulations, but not (yet) in real life. This could be because real drivers are more adaptive than simulated drivers and/or because the observed real networks were not sufficiently congested.     

On the macroscopic stability of freeway traffic

A simple model of traffic flow is used to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of flow and density on closed-loop homogeneous freeways with many ramps, which produce inflows and allow outflows. As we would expect, if the on-ramp demand is space-independent then this distribution tends toward uniformity in space if the freeway is either: (i) uncongested; or (ii) congested with queues on its on-ramps and enough inflow to cause the average freeway density to increase with time. In all other cases, however, including any recovery phase of a rush hour where the freeway’s average density declines, the distribution of flow and density quickly becomes uneven. This happens even under conditions of perfect symmetry, where the percentage of vehicles exiting at every off ramp is the same. The flow-density deviations from the average are shown to grow exponentially in time and propagate backwards in space with a fixed wave speed. A consequence of this type of instability is that, during recovery, gaps of uncongested traffic will quickly appear in the unevenly congested stream, reducing average flow. This extends the duration of recovery and invariably creates clockwise hysteresis loops on scatter-plots of average system flow vs. density during any rush hour that oversaturates the freeway. All these effects are quantified with formulas and verified with simulations. Some have been observed in real networks. In a more practical vein, it is also shown that the negative effects of instability diminish (i.e., freeway flows increase) if (a) some drivers choose to exit the freeway prematurely when it is too congested and/or (b) freeway access is regulated in a certain traffic-responsive way. These two findings could be used to improve the algorithms behind VMS displays for driver guidance (finding a), and on-ramp metering rates (finding b).     

城市快速路车速离散特征及其影响因素研究

车速离散性是影响城市快速路运行效率与安全的重要特征指标.本文采用上海车牌识别系统采集的个体车速数据,使用车速方差作为特征指标,在随机基本图框架下对车速离散特征及其影响因素进行分析.通过比较发现,个体车速方差较集计车速方差数值偏大,整体稳定于5~15 km/h;随密度增大而小幅下降,可分为稳定型、递减型、抛物线型和集群型4类. 通过建立多元线性回归模型辨识了车速离散的主要影响因素,包括车道数和匝道类型等.本文拓展了交通流基本图理论,对提升城市快速路安全和效率有借鉴意义.     

环放路网宏观基本图信号周期敏感性分析

为揭示路网宏观基本图(MFD)对信号周期的敏感性,首先,提出一种基于GMM的宏观基本图建模方法,并在此基础上提出路网运行效率和稳定性的表征方法;其次,提出MFD 对信号周期敏感性的仿真实验设计方法;再次,以环放路网为例,进行仿真实验,分析信号周期的变化对MFD的影响,进一步揭示信号周期对路网运行效率和稳定性的影响机理. 结果表明,合理的信号周期对MFD和路网的效率及稳定性影响不大,但周期过大或过小则对MFD 和路网的运行效率及稳定性造成较大影响. 该结论可以为路网交通控制和优化提供依据.     

一种新的城市快速路行程时间预测技术

根据城市快速路交通诱导和监控系统的实际需要,提出了基于宏观动态流体力学模型的行程时间预测技术,可以动态预测稳定流和非稳定流状况下城市快速路网上任意两点间行程时间.     

地理信息系统在城市网格化管理中的应用

城市网格化管理解决方案是通过整合多项数字城市技术,建立完整的城市部件、事件处理流程,并通过先进的信息采集和信息传输技术,建立一个动态的城市管理系统。探讨如何将地理信息系统技术和网格化的管理方式相结合来完成城区管理问题。     

基于二流理论的宏观交通评价模型的建立

为研究宏观道路网络交通特性,以二流理论为基础,建立道路网络宏观交通特性的评价模型。该模型引入图论的分析方法,考虑可达性的评价指标和街道的实际交通情况,全面而抽象地描述城市道路网络路段与交叉口之间的关系,并给出道路网络宏观交通特性的评价指标,最后以一简单实例说明利用该模型评价城市道路网络宏观交通特性的过程。