驾驶模拟器在自动驾驶系统中的应用研究

自动驾驶车辆在实际道路上行驶之前的测试阶段是一个至关重要的环节。一个低成本、高效率以及高精度测量的自动驾驶车辆的测试方式,对于自动驾驶车辆的开发具有重要意义。将驾驶模拟器运用到研究自动驾驶车辆测试已是近年来的一个研究热点。基于虚拟驾驶场景的自动驾驶车辆的检测,通过组合虚拟驾驶场景的背景车辆、行人、交通灯、建筑、指示标牌等元素,研究将驾驶模拟器与虚拟驾驶场景的联合应用来测试自动驾驶车辆。设计了典型的交通场景,通过自动驾驶车辆和背景车辆的实时交互,研究自动驾驶车辆的各项性能指标。研究结果表明:该驾驶模拟器可以高度拟合人类驾驶体验,驾驶员通过驾驶模拟器控制背景车辆能够很好的模拟现实中的驾驶行为,对自动驾驶车辆的仿真测试起到了促进作用。     

无人粮食转运车车身刚强度分析

因有限元分析方法的不断成熟,使分析所得的结果准确度大幅提高,从而降低了研究成本,缩短了研发周期。基于这些特点,将有限元分析方法应用于各类车的设计研究。文章通过无人粮食转运车的结构特点,对该无人粮食转运车在四种典型工况下的刚度和强度进行了计算,分析了粮食转运车在这四种工况下运行时的位移变形量的最大值和应力最大值及其出现的位置,所得结果为新车型的车身骨架提供数据化参考。     

纯电动商用车电池热管理技术研究

能源危机和环境污染问题已成全球关注的焦点,新能源汽车顺势而为,纯电动汽车采用纯电驱动,更加节能、环保。随着纯电动汽车的发展,车辆的安全性、续航里程能力得到了关注,动力电池的性能很大程度上影响着整车性能,为了提升动力电池系统性能,避免热失控,研究高性能动力电池热管理系统至关重要。     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand,station congestion,and network equilibrium

Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.     

PHEV发动机驱动工况效率耦合分析与优化控制

单轴并联式混合动力系统（Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle,PHEV）包括电池、驱动电机、发动机、自动变速器等多个关键部件。各部件效率特性存在相互耦合的关系,要实现系统整体效率最优,需要辨明影响系统效率的控制参数,并对系统整体效率最优的控制参数进行优化。以装备无级变速器（Continuously Variable Transmission,CVT）的PHEV为研究对象,首先对系统各关键部件的效率特性进行分析,建立各关键部件效率模型,明确各部件效率与控制参数、状态参数之间的关系。在此基础上,对发动机单独驱动模式下动力传递路径中不同部件的效率耦合关系进行分析,推导出系统燃油消耗量与动力系统各状态参数、控制参数之间的函数关系。根据分析结果,选取车辆需求功率及车速为状态参数,变速器速比及发动机转矩为控制参数,以系统燃油消耗量最小为目标建立优化目标函数和约束条件,对系统优化问题进行定义。根据优化问题的特点,设计基于模拟退火的优化算法对优化问题进行求解,获取系统燃油消耗率最小时变速器目标速比和发动机目标转矩随状态参数的变化关系。建立系统仿真模型对所述优化算法进行仿真分析,并搭建混合动力试验台对优化结果进行试验验证。结果表明：无级变速器效率对系统整体效率影响较大,采用优化控制规律使发动机效率有所降低,但无级变速器效率升高更大,系统整体效率升高;在功率需求一定的循环工况下,优化控制算法比传统上仅以发动机效率最高为目标的控制算法节油1%~2%。     

栏杆基石对闭口箱梁桥梁涡振性能影响的机理

为研究检修道栏杆基石对桥梁涡激振动性能的影响,依托中国某主跨808 m的超大跨度闭口箱梁加劲梁悬索桥,通过主梁大比例节段模型弹性悬挂测振测压风洞试验获取模型风致振动响应和表面各测点压力时程数据,测试原设计断面在±5°攻角范围内的涡振性能,对比分析3种不同栏杆基石位置和高度工况下主梁涡振响应性能和桥面测点脉动压力系数均值、均方差、压力功率谱以及局部气动力和总体气动力的相关性。研究结果表明：依托工程主梁设计断面发生了显著的竖向和扭转涡激共振,且扭转涡振显著超出规范允许值,主梁涡振性能随来流风攻角的增大而变差。主梁表面实测脉动压力数据分析显示,由于栏杆和基石的阻挡,箱梁上表面气流分离后在后部再附,导致上表面前部和中后部发生了强烈的压力脉动。上表面前部、后部以及下表面迎风区斜腹板局部气动力与总体气动力具有很强的相关性,这也是导致主梁发生显著扭转涡振的根本原因。将栏杆基石移至桥面板边沿显著减小了上、下表面压力脉动,上表面前部和后部气动力相关性被破坏,可以大幅抑制涡振;将栏杆基石移至桥面板边沿,并降低栏杆基石高度抑制了气流在上表面后部的再附现象,断面压力脉动被削弱,局部气动力和总体气动力相关性被完全破坏,从而有效抑制涡振。     

山区峡谷非均匀风场下大跨度斜拉桥静风稳定性分析

为研究山区峡谷地形下非均匀风场对大跨度桥梁静风稳定性的影响,以一座跨越典型山区峡谷地形的大跨度斜拉桥为工程背景,首先,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件Fluent对桥址区地形的风场特性进行分析,计算出沿主梁方向的非均匀风速和非均匀风攻角分布;然后,采用ANSYS APDL技术实现能考虑非均匀风速和非均匀风攻角下大桥静风稳定性的非线性分析方法。在此基础上,综合考察非均匀风攻角分布、非均匀风速分布、非均匀风速非均匀风攻角分布等风场条件对大桥静风稳定性的影响,分析各工况下主梁的静风变形与跨中处拉索刚度变化。研究结果表明：与均匀风场条件下的静风响应不同,非均匀风攻角或非均匀风速下主梁静风响应最大值点位于风荷载峰值点与跨中之间,在针对非均匀风场下大桥的静风稳定性分析时,应更注重静风响应最大值点而不是跨中处;非均匀风攻角下大桥的静风失稳临界风速要远低于均匀风攻角的静风失稳临界风速,且其静风稳定性能主要受最大风攻角而不是主跨部分非均匀风攻角的平均值来控制;非均匀风速下大桥的静风失稳临界风速主要由主跨部分的风速平均值和最大值共同影响;主梁的竖向位移和扭转角形状主要由风攻角因素来控制,而横向位移的变化规律相对较独立,其形状基本上以跨中线对称,且其值主要由风速因素来决定。     

中心城区路网优化策略研究 ——以沧州市为例

为解决中心城区道路拥堵问题,分析了城区交通拥堵形成的主要原因,并基于此提出中心城区路网优化策略。以沧州市中心城区为例,详细阐述了其路网优化设计的基本思路和路网布局,最终得出沧州市中心城区路网优化设计方案。     

泡沫轻质土在路桥衔接处路基处理中的应用

泡沫轻质土作为近年来常用的一种新型材料,具有轻质性、整体性、抗压性、耐久性、环保性等良好的工程特性。与传统填料相比,泡沫轻质土的抗压及高强特性,对工后沉降的控制更具优势。特别当采用泡沫轻质土对路桥衔接段路基进行处理时,可大幅降低填土荷重,减少工后沉降及影响深度。现结合工程实例,详细阐述了泡沫轻质土在路桥衔接处路基处理中,采用的主要设计技术指标、设计要点及施工要点,为该材料在工程领域推广应用提供参考。