The role of residential self-selection in land use-travel research: a review of recent findings

ABSTRACT

Residential self-selection (RSS) is an important concern in the land use-travel research. Although many studies have addressed RSS during the past two decades, empirical results are inconsistent in terms of the existence, magnitude, and direction of self-selection bias. Moreover, recent studies substantiated other plausible associations within the theoretical framework of RSS, such as the endogeneity of travel attitudes. These further complicate the role of RSS in the land use-travel relationship. To improve understanding, this paper summarises recent progress in the RSS research, especially the studies published in the last decade. Specifically, we review three types of influences among the built environment, attitudes, and travel behaviour, and discuss unsolved problems within each type. We also discuss measurement issues of the built environment and attitudes in the RSS research. Because attitudes could be confounders, moderators, and mediators of the link between the built environment and travel behaviour, we recommend panel data with at least three waves of household travel surveys to address the complicated influences of attitudes. Future research needs to be more process-oriented to better understand the nature of RSS and its complex roles in the land use-travel research.     

装载机避障轨迹规划及模型预测轨迹跟踪

轮式装载机在工作区域行驶时，避障过程频繁，以往的避障轨迹规划未考虑整车转向半径约束和车速变化，也较少考虑整车在动力学模型条件下的轨迹跟踪性能。针对上述情况，以自动驾驶轮式装载机为对象，基于最优快速随机扩展树算法（RRT^*），考虑车身膨胀圆个数，生成全局最优避障路径，以整车最小稳定转向半径为约束，利用CC-Steer算法对避障路径进行平滑处理，采用路径-速度分解算法规划满足整车在加速、匀速和减速状态下的避障行驶轨迹。基于整车动力学模型，考虑行驶过程中的横向位置偏差和航向角偏差，并将整车动力传动系统视为1阶惯性环节，构建装载机动力学状态空间方程。以加速度和铰接角为控制输入，以车速、横向位置偏差和航向角偏差为控制输出，建立整车动力学预测模型，以加速度、铰接角和车速为约束条件，将目标函数转换为二次规划问题，建立满足装载机在工作区域避障的模型预测轨迹跟踪控制系统。以规划的非匀速行驶避障轨迹为目标，利用构建的模型预测轨迹跟踪系统，进行自动驾驶轮式装载机的轨迹跟踪仿真。研究结果表明：所提方法能够很好地控制自动驾驶轮式装载机从初始位姿驶向目标位姿，实现整车在工作区域的避障过程，且在避障过程中满足整车的约束要求，保证整车在轨迹跟踪过程中的安全稳定性能。     

铁路工程机电设备安装调试经济性分析

随着铁路建设的发展，高速铁路采用的机电设备集成度越来越高，特别是站后“四电”专业设备集成化、模块化程度更是加快。这些新技术的出现，加大了对工程投资控制的难度。通过调研发现，设计单位依据既有机电设备安装与调试定额编制概预算，建设单位施工招标编制工程量清单和标底，以及在工程管理中如何有效控制工程造价存在一些问题，对此进行分析与研究，并提出解决相关问题的对策与措施。     

Transition to a cyclable city: Latent variables affecting bicycle commuting

An understanding of the key factors influencing bicycle commuting is essential for developing effective policies towards a cyclable city. This paper contributes to this line of research by proposing a methodology for including cycling-related indicators in mobility surveys based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and applying an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to evaluate the structure of latent variables associated with bicycle commuting. The EFA identified six cycling latent variables: Lifestyle, Safety and comfort, Awareness, Direct disadvantages, Subjective norm, and Individual capabilities. These were complemented with a latent variable related to habit: Non-commuting cycling habit. Statistical differences and regression analysis were applied with the cycling latent variables. The study also includes the relationship between objective factors and bicycle commuting, which reveals minor associations. This methodology was applied to the “starter cycling city” of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). The results confirm that in this context – in transition to a cyclable city – safety and comfort issues are not the main barriers for all commuters, although more progress needs to be made to normalise cycling. A set of customised policy initiatives is recommended in the light of the research findings, including marketing campaigns to encourage non-commuting cycling trips, bicycle measures to target social groups as opposed to individuals, bicycle-specific programs such as “Bike-to-work Days”, and cycling courses.     

泵闸工程机电设备施工质量控制

近几年来随着水利工程建设的发展,水闸泵站工程项目日益增多,相对土建工程面言,泵闸工程中机电设备施工质量的要求越来越高。该文结合朱家浜泵闸工程、纵泾港泵闸工程浅述机电设备的质量控制。     

汽车用柔性导线的研究及应用分析

随着汽车行业的高速发展,汽车用导线不断更新,其种类、特性越来越多,应用在整车的不同环境中。本文主要围绕汽车用柔性导线,对其结构形式、电气特性及机械特性进行研究,并分析其在整车上的应用范围。     

Lagrangian modelling of plankton motion: From deceptively simple random walks to Fokker–Planck and back again

The movement of plankton, either by turbulent mixing or their own inherent motility, can be simulated in a Lagrangian framework as a random walk. Validation of random walk simulations is essential. There is a continuum of mathematically valid stochastic integration schemes upon which random walk simulations depend, each of which lead to radically different macro-scale dynamics as expressed in their corresponding Fokker–Planck equations. In addition, diffusivity is not a unique parameter describing a random walk and its corresponding Fokker–Planck equation. Spatially varying translation speed and turn frequency have different effects on population distributions. Validation requires extra information either in the form of the well-mixed condition for physical diffusion, or in detailed information on the sensing ability, internal state modulation and swimming response for plankton motility.     

半柔性水泥乳化沥青加铺结构力学响应分析

针对半柔性水泥乳化沥青加铺层的结构特性，提出了加铺半柔性水泥乳化沥青的常规路面结构，并采用ANSYS软件建立模型进行有限元分析，对旧水泥路面加铺改造中不同的半柔性水泥乳化沥青厚度进行分析，确定其合理的铺设厚度。     

沉管隧道柔性接头压缩性能研究

柔性管节接头是沉管隧道的重要组成部分，接头的压缩性能决定了沉管接头的水密性能及安全性，但目前针对沉管隧道柔性接头压缩性能的研究相对缺乏，接头压缩性能参数的取值缺乏试验结果的支撑。基于此，以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道为研究背景，设计了几何比尺为1：10的隧道管节和接头模型，并进行了大比尺结构试验和止水带材性试验。通过对沉管隧道管节柔性接头逐级施加轴向荷载，试验获得了接头轴向位移随轴向荷载的变化曲线，并与止水带材性试验结果进行了对比分析，揭示了柔性接头的非线性压缩性能：接头压缩性能受GINA止水带自身压缩性能影响；相比材性试验，结构试验结果中接头压缩量普遍偏小2~3 mm，相对差异可达21%。为了进一步验证试验结果，分别建立了二维和三维止水带有限元模型，通过对比试验结果与有限元计算结果，分析并量化了试验中支座摩擦、止水带长度、形状及其横向约束等对试验结果的影响规律。量化分析结果显示，支座摩擦、止水带长度及横向约束对试验结果影响较小，可忽略不计，但止水带纵向尺寸对结构压缩性能影响较为显著，结果相差最大达到8.8%。最后基于试验结果提出了一种可用于模拟沉管接头压缩性能的简化力学计算模型，亦可应用于其他柔性接头的轴向力学分析。     

考虑非均布荷载的柔性路面有限元分析

在我国现行沥青路面设计规范中,轮胎对于路面的作用被简化为双圆均布荷载,然而实际情况却并非如此。当需要对沥青路面结构进行比较全面的力学响应分析时,就必须考虑轮胎荷载的非均布特性对路面结构的影响,否则难以得出正确结果,但现行规范的计算方法在考虑该情况时存在较大的局限。结合有限元法和假设轮胎非均布荷载为解决这种局限性提供了可能,并结合计算实例阐述了非均布荷载对于计算结果的影响。