盾构隧道环向快速连接件力学性能试验研究

15 m级的大直径公路盾构隧道与10 m级超深覆土高内水压作用下的排水调蓄盾构隧洞对接头有高承载力的要求，为此开发新型环向快速连接件。该连接件具有拼装时间短、无需人工拧紧、拼装完成后的隧道真圆度高、管片错台与张开量小、防水性能高的优点。为研究连接件的结构形式、材料性能、连接件与锚筋之间的连接、连接件与混凝土管片之间力的传递，以650 mm厚的管片为原型，开展接头抗拉物理试验，并采用数值模拟的方法实现试验值与计算值的对比分析。主要结论如下： 1）本次试验所采用的铸铁连接件屈服承载能力为512 kN，满足试验指标要求。弹性阶段的承载力为400 kN，极限承载力为645 kN，可以应用于指导盾构隧道的设计。2）试验破坏发生在连接件本体部位，锚筋与连接件之间的连接设计合理可靠。试验终止时，4根锚筋的最大应力值为348 MPa，达到HRB400锚筋抗拉屈服强度的87%，接近其抗拉强度设计值360 MPa。3）连接件在轴心拉力作用下，其本体与锚筋的受力是不均匀的，在连接件设计中应考虑这种不均匀性，进行合理的优化设计。     

Collecting a multi-dimensional three-weeks household time-use and activity diary in the Bandung Metropolitan Area,Indonesia

This paper describes a comprehensive panel data collection and analysis at household level, including detailed travel behaviour variables and comprehensive in-home and out-of-home activities, individual cognitive habits and affective behaviours, the rate of physical activity, as well as health related quality of life (QoL) information in the Bandung Metropolitan Area (BMA) of Indonesia. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to collect an individual’s activity diary over an extended period as it captures the multi-tasking activities and multidisciplinary factors that underlie individual activity-travel patterns in a developing country. Preliminary analyses of the collected data indicate that different beliefs, anticipated emotions, support and attachment to motorised modes significantly correlate with different groups of occupation, gender, age, activity participation, multi-tasking activities, and physical health, but not with different social and mental health. This finding highlights the reason why implementing car reduction policies in Indonesia, without breaking or changing the individual’s habits and influencing his/her attitudes have not been fruitful. The results also show that endorsing more physical activities may result in a significant reduction in the individual’s motorised mode use, whilst individuals who demonstrate a tendency to use their spare time on social activities tend to have better social health conditions. Furthermore, undertaking multi-tasking out-of-home discretionary activities positively correlates with better physical health. All these highlight the importance of properly understanding and analysing the complex mechanisms that underlie these fundamental factors that shape individual daily activity-travel patterns in developing countries. This type of multidisciplinary approach is needed to design better transport policies that will not only promote better transport conditions, but also a healthier society with a better quality of life.     

Group attitude and hybrid sanctions: Micro-econometric evidence from traffic law

In many legal domains hybrid sanctions – i.e. the joint use of both monetary and non-monetary sanctions – are usually applied. We suggest that one possible rationale behind this form of sanction is targeting group-specific deterrence. For some groups of agents, hybrid sanctions act indeed as a self-selection mechanism such that deterrence is obtained only after a critical threshold of infractions is reached. We apply our model to traffic law infractions and further test it, performing a micro-econometric analysis on a unique dataset of a representative sample of 50,000 Italian drivers, over six years (2003–2009), after the introduction of a penalty points system. Our findings empirically confirm our theoretical predictions. When repeated infractions are at stake, well-designed hybrid sanctions, such as the penalty point system designed for traffic law enforcement, may indeed increase overall deterrence. Our results shed new light on the role of the combined monetary and non-monetary sanctions to perform general and specific deterrence.     

Drivers’ parking location choice under uncertain parking availability and search times: A stated preference experiment

To assess parking pricing policies and parking information and reservation systems, it is essential to understand how drivers choose their parking location. A key aspect is how drivers’ behave towards uncertainties towards associated search times and finding a vacant parking spot. This study presents the results from a stated preference experiment on the choice behaviour of drivers, in light of these uncertainties. The attribute set was selected based on a literature review, and appended with the probabilities of finding a vacant parking spot upon arrival and after 8 min (and initially also after 4 min, but later dropped to reduce the survey complexity). Efficient Designs were used to create the survey design, where two rounds of pilot studies were conducted to estimate prior coefficients. Data was successfully collected from 397 respondents. Various random utility maximisation (RUM) choice models were estimated, including multinomial logit, nested logit, and mixed logit, as well as models accounting for panel effects. These model analyses show how drivers appear to accept spending time on searching for a vacant parking spot, where parking availability after 8 min ranks second most important factor in determining drivers’ parking decisions, whilst parking availability upon arrival ranks fourth. Furthermore, the inclusion of heterogeneity in preferences and inter-driver differences is found to increase the predictive power of the parking location choice model. The study concludes with an outlook of how these insights into drivers’ parking behaviour can be incorporated into traffic assignment models and used to support parking systems.     

Activity fragmentation,ICT and travel: An exploratory Path Analysis of spatiotemporal interrelationships

This paper focuses on the interrelationships between ICT, activity fragmentation and travel behaviour. The concept of fragmentation relates to how activities are spatiotemporally reorganized, by subdividing activities into smaller components that are then performed at different times and/or locations, in connection with ICT use. The association between ICT, activity fragmentation and travel relationships remains uncharted. Based on a two-day Dutch communication-activity-travel diary different associations between ICT use, paid work spatiotemporal fragmentation indicators and frequency of travel are specified and tested with Path Analysis Modelling accounting for sociodemographic and land use factors. The results demonstrate that the interrelationships between fragmentation, ICT and travel are quite complex. ICT and fragmentation apparently have a reciprocal relationship with mobile ICT use influencing the degree of spatial fragmentation whereas the usages of sedentary ICT are influenced by the degree of temporal fragmentation. Person-ICT attributes and ICT use mediate the participation in non-work activities, and can replace work and non-work travel. Fragmentation reduces work trips but at the same time restricts non-work personal travel possibilities and can reallocate time for leisure activity and travel.     

基于数值试验的减振器阻抗特性研究

基于四端参数法分析了计及高频波动效应的圆柱型橡胶减振器的阻抗特性,以E型和BE型减振器为研究对象,通过合理的建模技术,借助有限元软件数值计算该减振器的机械阻抗。在此基础上,探索加载对减振器机械阻抗的影响规律,所得的计算结果与减振器的实测特性相符。该文为后期减振器的研制及其阻抗特性的确定提供计算方法。     

复配固化剂对环氧沥青结构和性能的影响

在癸二酸中复配一定质量的甲基四氢苯(MeTHPA)或桐油酸酐(TOA)作为环氧沥青的固化剂,利用拉伸强度、针入度、DSC、DMTA测试,并结合拉伸破坏断面的光学显微镜和SEM分析,研究了复配固化剂对环氧沥青材料力学性能、固化热力学行为、固化体系微观结构等的影响.结果表明:复配固化剂MeTHPA和TOA的加入可以有效提高环氧沥青固化体系的拉伸强度和高温强度,缩短固化反应的诱导期,使固化反应由单独使用癸二酸的两步反应变为一步反应;可以同时提高环氧沥青固化体系中沥青相和环氧树脂相的玻璃化温度,增加固化体系的高温阻尼性能,也会使沥青在环氧树脂中的分散粒径变得不匀,固化体系拉伸断裂时由韧性断裂转为半脆性断裂.相对于复配TOA而言,在癸二酸中复配MeTHPA的影响更明显.     

Characteristics of household activity and travel patterns in the Mumbai metropolitan region

Activity-based modelling approaches require a typical survey instrument which can collect the finer details of activities of each individual over both time and space. This paper focuses on the design of a new survey instrument called an activity-travel diary; examines its method of administration; and analyses activity-travel behaviour in the context of developing countries. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region in India is selected as the study area. With the aim of understanding the activities of each individual over a period of time, a pilot survey was conducted in a continuous time frame for a period of 15 days, followed by a main survey. The analysis of data collected by the instrument reveals some interesting facts regarding the relationships between socioeconomic attributes, activities and trip making behaviour. Identification of interactions among households and other members were also facilitated by the newly designed diary, which is not a well-versed topic for research in the context of a developing economy like Mumbai's.     

Enablers and Barriers to the Adoption of Alternatively Powered Buses

Abstract

This paper seeks to identify enablers and barriers that stimulate or prevent the adoption of alternatively powered buses (APBs) in cities. The research method concentrates on an in‐depth analysis of 21 European demonstration case studies of APBs. Considerable differences exist between these cities due to the different reference situation. The type of measurement and the situation in the demonstration cities influence the exact fuel consumption and emission reduction. Variables that could enable the adoption of all types of APBs are: (1) the compatibility with previously introduced ideas; (2) the already available necessary supporting infrastructure in the city; (3) a changed external appearance of the APB; (4) the acceptance of the APBs by passengers and bus drivers; and (5) political support in the city regarding the APBs. The main variables that could be determined as barriers are: the relative economic advantage (the outline of costs is higher than that of conventional buses); and the understanding of the APB for bus drivers and mechanics (because special training is needed for both groups).     

Capabilities and Radicalism: Engineering Accessibility in the 21st century

Abstract

Engineering bridges the gap between, on the one hand, that mix of philosophy and politics that we call policy and, on the other, the physical implementation of the means to put policy into practice. Starting with a brief outline of the nature of accessibility, why it is important and how in some cases a person might be disabled by a lack of accessibility, this article – based on the author's Inaugural Lecture given at University College London in February 2005 – turns to consider how a person's needs challenge their capabilities (i.e. what they can do) and considers a radical approach to understanding people's capabilities in the implementation process. Next, the formation of policy intentions in order to permit, encourage and implement the engineering of appropriate solutions is discussed and conclusions drawn about how this affects work in the transport domain. Perhaps we need to look at the world in a different way before we can make it a better place.