Spatio-temporal variations in deep-sea demersal communities off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The spatial and temporal variations of deep-sea megafaunal assemblages from the western Mediterranean are analysed in the present paper. The assemblages from two locations of the Balearic Islands situated 120 km apart were compared using data collected seasonally on a bathymetric stratum covering the 150–750 m depth range during six bottom-trawl surveys. The assemblage structure, in terms of species composition, species dominance and population sizes, was differentially affected by the spatio-temporal variables analysed (depth, location and fishing period). Although depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, the differences obtained between the two locations were also relevant. On the upper slope these between-location differences in the dynamics of megafaunal assemblages were found to be related to the effect of fishing exploitation. Population size-based metrics and biomass spectra were good predictors of meso-scale fishing effects, and were mainly reflected by elasmobranchs and demersal teleosts. Nevertheless, the effects of fishing depended on the species considered. Two dominant large-sized fish species found on the upper slope in both localities, Galeus melastomus and Phycis blennoides, had higher biomass values associated with lower fishing effort. Although the mean body weight (MBW) of both species and also the mean maximum body weight (MMBW) of G. melastomus agreed with this pattern, the P. blennoides MMBW did not. This last case could be indicative of natural size-trends such as the bigger–deeper phenomenon which refers to the displacement of large individuals towards the deeper limit of their bathymetric distribution, beyond the maximum depth sampled in this study for this species. By contrast, the target species of the upper slope fishery, the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, was not negatively affected by the direct impact of fishing activity and other environmental factors, such as the presence of specific water masses could also be important.     

MERGING AND SPLITTING SECOND-ORDER SELF-SIMILAR PROCESSES (TRAFFICS)

Recent traffic measurements in corporate LANs, Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) video sources, ISDN control channels, and other communication systems, have indicated traffic behavior of self-similar nature, which has implications for design, control and analysis of high-speed networks. Merging and splitting are two basic networking operations. This paper gave the necessary and sufficient conditions for that merging of second-order self-similar traffic streams also results in a second-order self-similar stream. It shows that splitting traffic streams of the second-order self-similar stream are still self-similar streams by the independent splitting operation.     

城市快速路匝道合流区车辆交互行为模式

在城市快速路匝道合流区,驾驶任务难度主要来自于车辆与其周边车辆之间的动态交互,目前对这种交互行为的特征和机理的认识还不十分清楚。基于从无人机视频中提取的高精度车辆轨迹数据,提取出表征车辆交互行为的指标TTC和GAP,并结合速度、加速度、车道位置等其他指标,对车辆的交互过程加以刻画,从中获得了大量交互行为实例,并在此基础上归纳总结出9种典型的车辆交互行为模式。通过分析各模式特征发现：即使在相同的外部环境下,车辆交互行为模式也可能存在差异,这表明交互行为不仅与车辆之间的相对位置、时空距离、速度状态等环境因素有关,还与驾驶人的应对能力、动机及风险意识等认知心理有关;另外,不同的交互模式面临的风险不同,并且该风险既可能是周边车辆行为发生改变而被迫卷入,也可能是驾驶人自身主动寻求的结果;9种不同类型的交互行为模式,构成了驾驶人自行感知的4种风险状态互相转换的具体实现形式;在驾驶过程中,驾驶人努力寻找契机并选择某种交互行为模式在各个风险状态之间来回切换,并非仅由心理压力较大的危险态向压力较小的自由态转换,也会发生反向转换,前者主要由降低事故风险和减少认知努力的动机驱动,后者旨在追求行车效率,但同时驾驶人会付出更多的认知努力以对抗风险的增加,这充分反映了驾驶人试图在行车效率、事故风险与认知努力三方面取得平衡。研究成果对深化理解驾驶行为及其背后的决策机制具有积极意义。     

Adapting to Catch Shares: Perspectives of West Coast Groundfish Trawl Participants

Abstract

Catch share programs are used in fisheries management to meet goals such as species recovery, overcapacity reduction, and economic efficiency. Anticipated impacts include fleet consolidation, infrastructure reduction, and social disruption within communities. The Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Social Study (PCGFSS) aims to understand social changes related to the recently implemented West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program. In this article, we use a subset of PCGFSS data to explore the ways remaining fishery participants have thus far adapted to catch shares. While some vessels have left the fishery, we found that many participants are adapting to this catch shares program despite challenges. Quota leasing strategies, fishery diversification, gear innovation, and community quota funds are some of the tools participants are using to continue operating under the catch shares program. These early challenges and adaptations to the catch share program are worthy of continued tracking, as researchers, managers, and fishing communities, would benefit by considering first-hand perspectives of the on-the-ground realities of harvesting groundfish in the rationalized fishery.     

智能网联车环境下高速匝道汇入车流轨迹优化模型

为了解决传统匝道控制车流汇入时车辆需要减速至停止,从而造成延误时间过长的问题,提出了一种智能网联车环境下的高速匝道汇入车辆轨迹优化的两阶段优化模型,其中,第1 阶段优化车辆进入匝道口的时序;第2 阶段基于第1 阶段的最优时序,优化车辆轨迹. 根据所构建的模型设计了一种启发式算法优化车辆通过匝道冲突区域的时序,然后结合 GPOPS工具优化车辆的轨迹.为了验证所提出方法的有效性,将所提出的方法应用到20 min 随机到达的车流,进行仿真实验.实验结果表明,与先进先出的方法相比,本文所提出的方法能够使总延误减少59.7%,总油耗减少10.5%,说明该方法能够实现车辆以较高的速度通过匝道冲突区域,有效地减少了车辆汇入延误,同时也节约了油耗.     

Definition of a merging assistant strategy using intelligent vehicles

In the area of active traffic management, new technologies provide opportunities to improve the use of current infrastructure. Vehicles equipped with in-car communication systems are capable of exchanging messages with the infrastructure and other vehicles. This new capability offers many opportunities for traffic management. This paper presents a novel merging assistant strategy that exploits the communication capabilities of intelligent vehicles. The proposed control requires the cooperation of equipped vehicles on the main carriageway in order to create merging gaps for on-ramp vehicles released by a traffic light. The aim is to reduce disruptions to the traffic flow created by the merging vehicles. This paper focuses on the analytical formulation of the control algorithm, and the traffic flow theories used to define the strategy. The dynamics of the gap formation derived from theoretical considerations are validated using a microscopic simulation. The validation indicates that the control strategy mostly developed from macroscopic theory well approximates microscopic traffic behaviour. The results present encouraging capabilities of the system. The size and frequency of the gaps created on the main carriageway, and the space and time required for their creation are compatible with a real deployment of the system. Finally, we summarise the results of a previous study showing that the proposed merging strategy reduces the occurrence of congestion and the number of late-merging vehicles. This innovative control strategy shows the potential of using intelligent vehicles for facilitating the merging manoeuvre through use of emerging communications technologies.     

道路车辆不良汇入驾驶行为的模型构建

针对当前国内关于不良汇入驾驶行为模型研究的空白,从概率统计和博弈论角度量化分析该行为。基于哈尔滨市高峰和平峰时段的定点视频调查数据,分析了汽车不良汇入驾驶行为的基本统计特性,给出了累计频率分布模型。研究结果表明当临界汇入间隙时间不足4S时,车辆汇入行为可界定为不良行为。进而,引入双人混合战略模型,从纳什均衡角度分析了支路汇入主路不良行为的发生概率。     

南京市老城区老旧小区停车发展政策与策略

老城区老旧小区停车位配建水平普遍较低,合理制定老旧小区停车发展政策与策略是缓解其停车矛盾的根本措施。首先指出南京市老城区老旧小区普遍存在停车位缺额大、大量车辆转移停放至小区外围道路的问题。基于数据分析不同年代建设的小区停车供需的差异化特征。通过对老城区老旧小区停车趋势进行判断,提出综合治理、多元化、市场化的停车发展思路与策略。最后,从机制与政策、规划与建设、运行与管理等方面提出停车发展政策建议,具体包括通过制定相关政策,鼓励和引导小区建设和改造停车设施;引入交通影响评价制度,针对不同片区确定停车位扩容上限;强化停车秩序管理,以价格杠杆调节停车需求等。     

面向高速公路混合交通流的车辆协同合流策略

为提高高速公路匝道合流区的运行效率、减少交通事故的发生,面向网联自动驾驶车辆(Connected and Automated Vehicles, CAV)与人工驾驶车辆(Human Driven Vehicles, HDV)混行的交通场景,提出高速公路匝道分层协作合流框架,该框架集成合流序列调度算法和协作合流算法,并根据车辆类型与车辆状态进行实时调整。首先,提出一种基于启发式规则的高速公路合流序列实时调度算法,优化合流区车辆的合流顺序,解决了传统固定合流序列无法适应HDV驾驶行为随机扰动的问题。然后,根据合流序列调度算法及当前车辆位置,判断协作合流的车辆组及其车辆类型,分别建立CAV-CAV、CAV-HDV和HDV-HDV的协作合流控制算法。通过试验仿真发现：相较于无控制情况和“先进先出”策略,总延误分别降低了21.66%、39.88%;协作控制区长度对燃油经济性存在一定影响,能耗随着距离的增加而减小,并存在一个最小值,即300 m,到达该值后能耗将逐渐增大;车辆之间车头时距的增加,对减小车辆能耗存在一定的影响。其中,HDV之间车头时距的影响大于CAV之间车头时距的影响。     

高速公路施工作业区前的车辆合流模型研究

提出基于车头时距分布的合流区段长度计算模型,并对合流模型中的车头时距分布公式的选用以及司机可接受的安全插车间隙进行了讨论和分析。并根据不同的司机可接受的安全插车间隙设计出了不同的合流模型验证方案．用以验证合流模型的实用性。结果表明,插车间隙为3s时,道路的通行能力、司乘人员舒适度、车流、加速度以及车流稳态等方面均能达到最优。