Policy innovations of the US intermodal surface transportation efficiency act and clean air act amendments

In combination, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are innovative and aggressive efforts to move US cities toward integrated transportation and air quality planning. Under these complementary laws, air quality has become a major national transportation goal. In areas with serious air pollution, air quality will be a major consideration in determining the future shape of urban transportation.This paper considers how the CAAA and ISTEA combine to provide an innovative national policy approach of interest to countries seeking to encourage sustainable development in urban centers. The CAAA mandates measurable and enforceable air quality targets. Nation-wide standards are set for acceptable levels of carbon monoxide, ground level ozone, and small particulates. ISTEA includes directions for transportation planners and decision-makers to follow to reach air quality and other goals — transportation planning must emphasize system efficiency, and for cities with severe air pollution, transportation projects are expected to contribute to cleaner air. Each urban area has flexibility in how it applies this framework to reflect its priorities and solve its problems. Strict federal sanctions provide incentives for compliance with both laws.Enactment of these laws has produced a period of transition and uncertainty as well as of challenge and opportunity for planners and elected officials. The next several years, the US will provide one national laboratory and over 100 different urban laboratories for innovative approaches to integrate transportation and environmental policies to resolve major urban problems.Abbreviations CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 - CO Carbon monoxide - ECO Employee Commute Option - EPA US Environmental Protection Agency - HC Transportation hydrocarbons - I/M Inspections and maintenance program - ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 - MPO Metropolitan planning organizations - NO_x Nitrogen oxides - PPM Parts per million - PM₁₀ Small particulate matter - SIP State Implementation Plan - TIP Transportation Improvement Program - TCM Transportation control measures - VMT Vehicle miles traveled     

Linking land use and transportation in a rapidly urbanizing context: A study in Delhi,India

Cities in developing countries like India are facing some of the same concerns that North American cities are: congestion and urban growth. However, there is a sense of urgency in cities like Delhi, India in that this growth is far more rapid as both urbanization and motorization are ongoing processes that have not yet peaked. In this paper, we examine land use change and its relationship with transportation infrastructure and other planning related variables in a spatial context. We estimate land use change models at two different scales from separate data. Cellular automation and Markov models were used to understand change at the regional scale and discrete choice models to predict change at the local level. The results suggest that land use in the Delhi metropolitan area is rapidly intensifying while losing variety. These changes are affected by industrial, commercial and infrastructure location and planners and policy-makers need to better understand the implications of location decisions. We also examine these results in the context of a policy framework for data-based planning that links land use and transportation models for Delhi.     

内蒙古公路交通需求预测系统开发构想

交通需求预测是路网规划和公路建设项目可行性研究的核心内容。现有商业交通需求预测软件以国外软件为主,这些软件价格昂贵,并且没有进行良好的本土化改造,不利于使用。因此开发适合国情、区情的公路交通需求预测软件具有十分重大的意义。文章构建了内蒙古公路交通需求预测系统开发的基本框架,分析了交通需求预测软件的基本内容和技术路线。     

城市公交中的乘客体验与个体空间占有

立意于对乘客体验的解读,提出＂乘客体验观＂,阐述＂人城和谐＂型的城市公交体系模式,提出个体空间占有概念及衍生公式理论,诠释以乘客体验要素为出发点的城市公交规划和设计思路。     

丘陵及山地城市建设用地竖向规划方法研究

该文针对丘陵及山地城市的特点,重点从地形地貌评价、防洪排涝规划及竖向管理措施等三个方面对山地城市竖向规划方法及一般技术路线进行了论证及总结,并简要介绍了ArcGIS技术在竖向规划中的应用。     

基于结点重要度理论的运输枢纽布局方法研究

在公路运输枢纽总体规划中,枢纽的选址是重要的一环,也是决定区域公路运输系统的重要因素。结点重要度分析是定量描述区域内各结点间的相对重要程度,从而为规划布局提供依据。将结点重要度理论引入公路运输枢纽布局,根据提出的相关指标应用结点重要度分析对枢纽布局备选点逐步筛选,最终确定最佳站址,从而指导运输枢纽的布局。所阐述的方法在部分公路运输枢纽总体规划中收到了良好的效果。     

浅议控制性详细规划中高程的控制——以常州市武进城区为例

城市地块出让前都要编制控制性详细规划,其中出让地块的竖向高程如何合理确定,一直是值得仔细研究的问题。其既要满足城市防洪的需要,又要合理经济避免过大的填方。对此,常州市武进规划与测绘院就武进中心城区的竖向高程如何确定展开研究,并形成了一套城区标高控制规划,为今后的控规编制和规划管理提供了可靠的规划依据。该文以此规划为基础,结合武进近几年的项目实例,分析了影响地面高程的几个因素,可供同行参考。     

天津滨海旅游区道路横断面设计浅析

城市道路建设是城市建设中的重要内容,而道路横断面设计是城市道路设计中的关键因素。通过对滨海旅游区整体规划、交通流特征、道路功能需求、城市景观等方面的分析,提出了具有旅游区特色的横断面设计方案,可为同类型的工程提供借鉴和参考。     

哈尔滨松花江避暑城道路专项规划研究

以哈尔滨松花江避暑城的道路系统为研究对象,分析了该区域的交通特性,总结并提出了具体的道路规划要求,在此基础上,对避暑城的路网布局、过境交通引导、慢行系统布置、道路等级划分、道路横断面组织等方面进行了深入的规划设计,有关经验可供相关专业人员参考。     

航路规划对远程鱼雷远程打击目标的影响

利用远程武器对目标进行超视距远程打击是未来海战的主要手段之一,航路规划技术对提高远程水下武器的安全性及突防攻击能力起着重要作用,根据远程打击目标的特点及影响航路规划问题的因素,提出了远程鱼雷航路规划的基本流程,最后分析了在远程打击过程中,航路规划对远程鱼雷提高远程打击效果的影响。