How much can public private partnership really do for urban transport in developing countries?

A few cities in some of the larger developing countries in Latin America and Asia have made increasing use of multi-year concessions or franchises, competitively awarded to private companies, for construction and operation of urban transport infrastructure and for provision of public transport services. In view of the strong prospective growth of developing-country cities with large transport needs, and the rise in the emerging economies of potential new sources of private capital, it is important to see how effective PPP has so far been in this area. The experience is analyzed principally by thorough comparative review of what has actually happened for some of the main users to date: Bogotá, Santiago, São Paulo, Seoul, and several cities in both China and India. Despite delays and mistakes that have been made in development of most of the projects, the overall results, already delivered and in prospect, are very positive and urban public transport is benefiting substantially, with significant side effects on poorer people's access to work and to services, air pollution levels and road accident rates. The widest and most important advantage of the PPP arrangements, as compared with more conventional short-term contracting, is found to be the innovations, technical and managerial, developed, and, in particular, the mutual capacity building of the countries' private and public sectors and their more effective interaction. The experience in the six countries covered suggests that other developing-country cities may be best assisted to develop sound urban transport PPPs more rapidly through provision of help on chosen items among 7 elements that have proved particularly crucial but sometimes weak in the projects reviewed: Civic consultation systems, Land-use/Transport strategic planning, Land/property market management, Monitoring systems, Progressive policies, Economic regulation, and Public institutional framework for PPPs.     

Fuzzy and adaptive fuzzy control for the automobiles' active suspension system

Two typical criteria for good vehicle suspension performance are their ability to provide good road handling and increased passenger comfort. The main disturbance affecting these two criteria is terrain irregularities. Active suspension control systems reduce these undesirable effects by isolating car body motion from vibrations at the wheels. This paper describes fuzzy and adaptive fuzzy control (AFC) schemes for the automobile active suspension system (ASS). The design objective is to provide smooth vertical motion so as to achieve the road holding and riding comfort over a wide range of road profiles. The efficacy of the proposed control schemes is demonstrated via simulations. With respect to the optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR), it is shown that superior results have been achieved by the AFC.     

直流牵引电动机试验过程测量控制系统（下）：计算机实时控制

实时多任务、组态结构软件和汉字显示是当前计算机实时控制的趋势。本文介绍了计算机实时控制、DOS下显示汉字的原理,测量控制软件的程序结构,以及用该测量控制软件组成直流牵引电动机试验常用闭环控制系统的方法。     

过量空气系数和点火提前角对CNG发动机NOX排放性能的影响

试验研究了过量空气系数和点火提前角对稀燃电控调压器式天然气发动机的燃烧以及排放的影响。试验过程对全工况的排放和动力进行了稳态优化。研究结果表明,在其他影响参数不变的情况下,随着点火提前角的减小和过量空气系数的增加,扭矩和NOX排放均降低。在匹配氧化型催化转化器后,各工况选取适当的点火提前角和过量空气系数可以满足国Ⅴ的排放标准。     

基于分层控制的车辆主动制动稳定性分析

为提高车辆行驶的主动安全性,引入分层控制思想。建立名义横摆角速度和名义质心侧偏角为输出的线性二自由度车辆模型。基于线性二次型调节器设计上层控制器,得到附加横摆力矩,采用差动制动原理,设计中层控制器对附加横摆力矩进行分配,根据中层控制器分配的附加横摆力矩计算滑移率增量,基于PID控制理论设计下层滑移率控制器,以控制车轮的制动压力;最后联合MATLAB／Simulink和CarSim进行鱼钩转向和双移线转向仿真试验。结果表明,采用分层控制能够有效地提高车辆行驶的主动制动稳定性。     

航天用蓄电池充电调节器的控制系统设计

提出了基于Superbuck电路拓扑的航天用电源控制器（Power Conditioning Unit,PCU）中蓄电池充电调节器（Battery Charge Regulator,BCR）的控制系统设计方法,简述了PCU的基本构成和控制区域划分基本原理,分析了BCR在PCU系统中的运行模式,根据其运行特点,对以4阶Su-perbuck电路为拓扑的BCR进行了建模,给出了占空比控制的多个变量的传递函数表达式,依此设计了三环并列控制的蓄电池充电调节器,并给出了BCR分别在恒压输出,恒流输出,自稳定输入母线工况下的仿真和实验结果,验证了设计的正确性.     

相复励励磁方式下IGBT故障模式分析与保护措施

文章介绍了船用相复励励磁方式的原理和特点,分析了该励磁方式下IGBT可能遭遇的比较严重的故障模式.文章给出了发电机突然三相对称短路时冲击电流计算公式,计算了通过IGBT上的过电流和过电压,分析了此应力对IGBT的影响及其故障模式.并据此设计了IGBT限流封锁延时保护电路,通过对比试验验证了其保护效果的有效性.     

带有非连续分布式传感器/作动器的压电梁最优控制(英文)

Because of its light weight,broadband,and adaptable properties,smart material has been widely applied in the active vibration control(AVC) of flexible structures.Based on a first-order shear deformation theory,by coupling the electrical and mechanical operation,a 4-node quadrilateral piezoelectric composite element with 24 degrees of freedom for generalized displacements and one electrical potential degree of freedom per piezoelectric layer was derived.Dynamic characteristics of a beam with discontinuously distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators were presented.A linear quadratic regulator(LQR) feedback controller was designed to suppress the vibration of the beam in the state space using the high precise direct(HPD) integration method.     

船舶机舱淡水温度自动控制系统限位设计

机舱淡水温度自动控制系统对机舱设备的运行状态具有重要影响。其主要功能是根据机舱设备运行负荷的变化,自动调节经过中央冷却器冷却的淡水量,以保证淡水温度保持在设定值。在机舱设备中,该系统运行状态的好坏不仅直接影响船舶柴油机的技术性能和工作稳定性,而且还决定了机舱其他需要淡水冷却设备的工作状况,因此船舶机舱管理人员对淡水温度自动控制系统的研究非常重要。本文介绍了船舶机舱普遍采用的淡水温度自动控制系统技术,详尽分析了该控制系统的作用原理,系统存在的故障隐患以及该系统对机舱设备性能的影响。并针对系统故障隐患,提出了淡水温度自动控制系统的改进设计方案,保证系统故障时仍能保证淡水温度符合使用要求,从而提高船舶动力系统的安全性和稳定性。     

行星齿轮式汽车座椅调角器的研发

介绍了汽车座椅调角器的功能和设计要求,确定了调角器研究开发的重点。完成了调角器的方案设计,阐述了行星齿轮式调角器的工作原理,进行了调角器核心件的详细设计,实现了汽车座椅靠背角度的连续调节和可靠自锁。