Multiple criteria optimization method for the vehicle assignment problem in a bus transportation company

A vehicle assignment problem (VAP) in a road, long‐haul, passenger transportation company with heterogeneous fleet of buses is considered in the paper. The mathematical model of the VAP is formulated in terms of multiobjective, combinatorial optimization. It has a strategic, long‐term character and takes into account four criteria that represent interests of both passengers and the company's management. The decision consists in the definition of weekly operating frequency (number of rides per week) of buses on international routes between Polish and Western European cities. The VAP is solved in a step‐wise procedure. In the first step a sample of efficient (Pareto‐optimal) solutions is generated using an original metaheuristic method called Pareto Memetic Algorithm (PMA). In the second step this sample is reviewed and evaluated by the Decision Maker (DM). In this phase an interactive, multiple criteria analysis method with graphical facilities, called Light Beam Search (LBS), is applied. The method helps the DM to define his/her preferences, direct the search process and select the most satisfactory solution.     

数值波浪水池及顶浪中船舶水动力计算

基于粘流理论建立了三维数值波浪水池,模拟了非线性波浪,并对规则波顶浪中前进的拘束船模的水动力进行了计算.数值模拟中,控制方程-RANS方程和连续性方程使用有限体积法离散,非线性自由面采用VOF方法处理;在入口边界模拟柔性造波板运动产生入射波,使用位于波浪水池尾部的人工阻尼区消波.给出了非线性规则波的模拟结果以及规则波顶浪中前进的拘束船模的水动力计算结果,并与理论解及DUT(Delfi University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,二者吻合良好.     

考虑多目标的城市停车换乘选址优化模型及算法

停车换乘选址问题是城市交通网络设计研究的重点领域,已有研究的优化目标多集中在系统总费用方面,而对交通可持续发展方面考虑不足。为此,提出综合考虑多方面目标的停车换乘设施选址优化模型及其求解算法。首先,基于超网络理论,提出多方式城市交通系统的超网络模型并定义O-D (Origin-destination)间的超路径、有效超路径及子路径,结合出行者出行过程及交通网络拥挤特征,给出超路径费用的数学表达;其次,基于多方式交通网络随机均衡配流结果,构建交通总阻抗、污染物排放量以及交通系统公平性等系统优化指标的计算模型,并建立用以描述停车换乘设施选址问题的多目标优化模型;进而,以多目标系统优化模型为上层问题,以超网络下满足Logit分配的多方式交通网络配流模型为下层问题,构建描述城市多方式交通系统停车换乘设施选址问题的双层规划模型,并基于模型特征,结合“记录-搜索”思想设计非支配排序遗传算法进行求解;最后,基于Sioux Falls网络设计算例。研究结果表明：算法能够在有限的步骤内搜索到90%以上的Pareto最优解;平均而言,停车换乘措施使得交通总阻抗减小了0.31%,污染物排放量减少了7.32%...     

物流中心选址与规模的层次优化模型

同时考虑生产商和分销商的利益,采用双层规划模型来描述物流中心选择以及规模问题.上层规划从生产商的角度出发,通过调整物流中心位置及规模使生产商的生产成本、运输成本和经营成本最小；下层规划从分销商的角度出发,通过调整从各个物流中心进货的数量使自身的平均运输成本最低.设计了基于遗传算法的求解方法,并用数值算例验证了模型和算法的有效性.     

Improving maritime inventory routing: application to a Brazilian petroleum case

The crude oil offloading and supply problem (COSP) is a type of operation maritime inventory routing (MIR) problem encountered by petroleum companies. In COSP, the company not only is responsible for the ship scheduling to carry the crude oil from production sites to discharge ports but also must maintain inventory levels at both ports (production and consumption) between safety operational bounds to avoid disruptions in its crude oil production and/or refining processes. We show how to improve significantly the decision-making process in a Brazilian petroleum company using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to represent COSP. Comparison tests with a current ship-scheduling method adopted in the company indicated that the use of the MILP model increased the transportation efficiency and reduced costs by 20% on average. In addition to the quantitative gains, the use of a MILP model to solve COSP has succeeded when encountering real-life events, such as variation in production or consumption rates, berth unavailability, and changes in the storage capacities at ports.     

National road mortality reduction targets under European Union road safety policy: 2011–2020

The European Union (EU) has proposed renewing the target for halving the number of road fatalities in the period 2011–2020. In this paper, a nonlinear distribution method for dynamic fatality reduction targets is applied for the purpose of finding individual national mortality reduction targets for each of the 27 member countries in the EU. Weighting is undertaken for four scenarios based on the following indicators: road mortality rates, fatality rates, fatality risks, and fatality density. Results are presented for four proposals to reduce the number of fatalities in each Member State, based on the original situation of the indicators considered in the study. The results seek to provide policy-makers with a broader vision with regard to the achievement of the goals of EU road safety policy.     

高桥墩桩基础的优化设计及因素分析

在高桥墩桩基屈曲能量法分析的基础上,提出兼顾结构稳定、强度和经济性的优化模型,并应用优化算法中非线性序列二次规划法,进行优化设计探讨,同时给出优化设计算法流程图,编制了相应的优化计算程序;为了解桥墩高度、轴向荷载、地基比例系数和混凝土弹性模量对于高桥墩桩基屈曲的影响,结合优化设计模型进行了因素分析,探讨了参数变量对目标函数最优值的影响规律和程度,比较结果说明,在进行高桥墩桩基的屈曲受力分析时,高桥墩的大变形影响不容忽视;而一般在工程设计中,可考虑将桩周土体和混凝土弹性模量的增强作用作为设计的安全储备。     

大城市客运交通结构优化模型研究

城市客运交通结构是关系城市交通系统发展方向的核心问题。从城市交通可持续发展角度出发建立了大城市客运交通结构优化的线性规划模型,其中决策变量为城市客运交通系统中各种交通方式的周转量。该模型的目标为最大化城市客运交通效率,该交通效率不是简单的各种交通方式客运周转量的函数,而是由各种交通方式的客运周转量和各种交通方式对城市客运交通效率贡献率共同决定。同时考虑客运交通结构优化过程中应满足的出行需求总量约束、可达性约束、占地约束、能耗约束、环境容量约束和各种交通方式发展规模约束等。该模型在实际应用中取得了良好的效果。     

基于分层壳元法多梁式T梁的极限承载力评估

基于分层壳元法,对钢筋混凝土多梁式T梁的极限承载力问题进行了研究。建立实体退化壳元模型后,推导了壳元位移场,用分层壳元模拟了多梁式T梁。基于Owen理论考虑了混凝土的材料非线性,并基于V.Karman假设考虑了结构的几何非线性。通过多梁式T梁实例分析,结果表明,应用分层壳元法能正确地进行多梁式T梁的非线性分析,能有效地评估结构的极限承载力,且支承形式对多梁式T梁的极限承载力有很大影响,研究表明应选择修正的铰支-弹性支承形式。     

地震作用下高架桥结构的脆弱性

用能力谱方法和非线性动力分析方法分别建立了高架桥结构的脆弱性曲线。对用两种方法建立的脆弱性曲线进行比较发现；对于保护层混凝土剥落破坏状态，由两种方法分析的结果相差不大；对于纵筋屈曲和倒塌破坏状态，用能力谱方法分析的高架桥结构在给定地面运动强度下的失效概率偏低；用能力谱方法进行分析方便快速，但对于严重破坏状态分析精度较低；在应用非线性动力分析方法时需要对结构进行大量的动力时程分析，但结果精确可靠。