军运保障中高原和山区对汽车性能的影响及对策

从高原和山区的海拔高度及地理环境等对汽车的动力和制动性的影响入手,分析了高原和山区汽车运输的特点,并根据部队的使用经验和试验结论,提出了改善发动机性能和改进汽车制动系的措施,为高原和山区的车辆装备综合管理及技术保障提供了科学的依据。     

考虑沥青路面材料参数空间差异性的解析计算及影响分析

复杂服役环境下沥青路面的材料参数存在明显的空间差异性,具体表现为沿深度的模量梯度分布与非连续层间接触以及横观各向同性,实现其解析计算对现有的沥青路面力学响应分析及结构设计方法具有重要的参考价值。为此,从弹性力学基本方程出发,基于状态空间法,推导了具有指数模量梯度的横观各向同性弹性层状体系通解;在此基础上,基于波传递方法,将状态向量转换为波向量,并结合边界条件和层间条件,建立了考虑沥青路面材料参数差异性的多层路面结构解析解;然后借助MATLAB平台编制了数值计算程序,采用文献对比、BISAR程序以及有限元软件ABAQUS验证了该解析解的精度与效率;最后结合典型数值算例,阐述了该解析解在沥青Top-Down开裂和传统路面疲劳损伤分析中的应用。理论推导和数值计算结果表明：该解析解摆脱了弹性力学问题求解对应力函数的依赖性,并且借助波传播方法,避免了求解中正指数过大对求解精度的影响,并使得边界条件和不同层间接触关系的描述更加便捷;沥青路面材料参数的空间差异性不可忽视,沥青面层连续模量梯度会造成更大的路表拉应力和最大剪应力,进而加剧沥青路面的Top-Down开裂;而横观各向同性和层间接触状态间存在耦合效应,从而会加剧沥青路面的疲劳损伤。     

道路沥青材料VOCs的指纹组分及其定量分析

深入开展沥青材料环境影响规律研究,是加快推进交通运输污染防治和绿色交通发展的重要手段之一。针对热拌沥青材料在使用过程中挥发性有机化合物（Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs）释放量小、组分复杂且材料来源和环境因素依赖性强等难以定量表征的科学问题,开展包括不同沥青材料间VOCs公共组分、特有组分和超微量组分的VOCs全组分的特征研究。综合共计80种沥青材料的VOCs组分特征,提出并定义沥青材料VOCs的指纹组分。基于指纹组分的释放量-色谱峰面积的绘制,分别构建沥青材料VOCs中单一组分释放量和VOCs释放总量的计算方程。研究结果表明：不同沥青材料的VOCs释放差异显著,其组分信息和对应释放量均存在很强的原材料来源依赖性;沥青VOCs的指纹组分具有色谱峰面积大、组分纯、毒性强等特点,包括2-甲基戊烷、正己烷、3-甲基己烷、庚烷、2-甲基庚烷、丙酮、甲基丙烯醛、正丁醛、异戊醛、苯、甲苯和二硫化碳这12种物质;该系列指纹组分能够用于沥青材料VOCs的单一组分释放量和总释放量的快速准确分析;70A沥青、70B沥青、90A沥青、90B沥青和SBS改性沥青在160℃加热条件下的VOCs释放总量分别为4.42,3.32,2.52,2.29,1.88 μg·g^-1,其中指纹组分的总释放量分别为3.00,2.33,2.01,1.75,1.44 μg·g^-1;70号沥青中释放量最多的物质包括正己烷、2-甲基戊烷和庚烷,其释放量均大于0.40 μg·g^-1;90号沥青和SBS改性沥青中,释放最多的物质为正丁醛,其中90A沥青中正丁醛的释放量高达0.76 μg·g^-1。     

山区公路驾驶视觉信息量计算方法研究

为解决山区公路中驾驶视觉信息量难以量化的问题,对驾驶视野图像进行分割,根 据HSV颜色模型,提取视野图像的色调、饱和度、亮度值,再结合车速值,在驾驶视觉心理负荷的基础上,提出山区公路路域环境下的驾驶视觉信息量计算方法.通过实车实验,进行数据采集,并验证计算方法.计算结果表明,在半郁闭型空间行驶时,接收的视觉信息量最大;在郁闭型空间中,接收的信息量最小.计算结果与被试实际感受具有一致性,说明本文提出的驾驶视觉信息量计算方法具有可行性,可为路域环境的合理布设提供一定的技术参考.     

哈尔滨市城市交通拥堵原因及解决措施

城市交通拥堵问题表象在城市道路交通,其根源受城市的自然环境、气候、历史、规划以及市民岀行习惯等方面影响。全面、客观地分析总结了影响哈尔滨城市交通拥堵的原因,对解决城市交通拥堵问题进行了思考,并提出了建议和具体措施。     

Environmental and transport effects of warehouse relocationing: evidence from Norway

Reducing traffic volumes and CO2-emissions from freight transport has proven difficult in many countries. Although the increasing suburbanization of warehouses is seen as a relevant land use trend, comprehensive analyses of their impact remain scarce. This study uses real data in modeling transport, costs, environmental and modal effects from warehouse relocations around Oslo and Trondheim (Norway). Results indicate that for Oslo, traffic performance (ton-km), CO2-emissions, and transport costs increase following warehouse suburbanization. For Trondheim, transport performance and CO2-emissions increase less, while transport costs decrease marginally. We conclude that specific case characteristics (geography and trade patterns) are important in determining the strength and direction of effects, and expect that common concomitant developments (warehouse centralization and consolidation) would lead to more pronounced results. Our findings confirm some, but challenge other, findings from the relatively scarcely literature available. Finally, the study's more general insights and observations can help advance similar analyses beyond Norway.     

Geometric design safety estimation based on tire–road side friction

A closed-loop drive–vehicle–road–environment system (DVRES) model was established using Adams/Car and Matlab/Simulink. Dynamic responses of lateral tire forces based on tire–road side friction and road geometric characteristics are used to investigate vehicle side slip for geometric design safety estimation. The root mean square, the maximum values of lateral tire forces, comfort limit on curves and vehicle trajectories are used to quantify the safety margin of side friction. The simulation results show that the safety margins of lateral tire forces for radius, operating speed and superelevation rate were 18.2%, 19.3% and 17.6%, respectively, to guarantee good vehicle lateral reliability and ride comfort, while lower speeds are optimal in wet and slippery roads. Finally, a case study was conducted to illustrate the analysis of road design safety, and on-site experiment testing further validated the accuracy and reliability of the closed-loop DVRES model.     

The impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities

This study aims to measure the impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities.First, the sphere of urban influence is defined by application of an individual behavior model. The model explains the number of trips to representative cities in regions from the residential place of each individual using the following factors; the attractiveness of cities, the travel time to cities and the individual's free time. Development of major roads shortens the travel time, and this causes the change in the sphere of urban influence. The model we propose has the structure to explain this phenomenon.Second, this method is applied to all of Japan where expressways are now being rapidly constructed and, how they change spheres of urban influence is explained. In the application, as a measure of attractiveness of cities, population, commercial and industrial activity, etc. are considered. From these points of view, the impacts of construction of expressways in Japan are estimated.     

泡沫沥青冷再生施工技术节能减排效益分析

泡沫沥青冷再生施工作为一种路面废旧材料再生利用新型冷再生技术,其混合料除了具有良好的路用性能,施工中还可以起到明显的节能减排作用,是发展循环经济、创建环境友好节约型社会的重要举措,目前已开始得到应用和推广;通过对泡沫沥青冷再生施工技术节能效益分析,了解其节约资源、保护环境、减少污染、降低造价等优点。