蒸汽反冲动力船的制作及应用

结合动量守恒定律和反冲运动的教学内容,利用易拉罐和玻璃瓶等日常器具制作了简易的蒸汽反冲动力船,旨在通过此实验帮助学生深刻理解和掌握动量守恒定律。同时,通过学生的模仿制作,亲身体会,培养学生的动手实践能力和创新能力。     

AC纤维沥青混合料性能试验研究

车辙是AC沥青砼路面迫切需要解决的一大难题,车辙的产生使道路的服务水平下降.本文主要通过车辙试验,研究了加入德兰尼特、木质素纤维的AC沥青砼的动稳定度和变形量及其影响因素,并简要介绍了其他相关路用性能.旨在利用纤维对沥青的吸附稳定机理,探讨一种适用于高温潮湿环境既耐久,稳定性又好的沥青砼路面.试验得出,掺入德兰尼特纤维对混合料改善效果最好.并探讨了高温稳定性指标(动稳定度和相对变形指标)的选择.     

船舶撞击高架拦阻系统后的位移计算及与试验结果的比较

为了求解船舶撞击高架拦阻系统后的位移,文章以能量守恒定律为基本原理,即重力锚做功与船舶阻力做功之和近似等于船舶初动能,通过编写迭代计算程序,对船舶撞击高架拦阻系统后的运动情况进行了研究。并将理论计算结果与试验数据进行了比较分析。结果表明：船舶撞击高架拦阻系统后位移的理论计算值与实测值间的误差在正负30%以内;船舶正碰撞拦阻系统跨中位置时,位移最大,且位移随着拦阻系统跨度的增大而增大。该理论计算方法及相关结论可以为高架拦阻系统的设计提供重要参考。     

基于快速终端滑模自抗扰的船舶曲线航迹跟踪控制

针对欠驱动船舶的曲线航迹跟踪问题,首先采用自抗扰控制技术,通过扩张状态观测器实时估计和补偿系统的内部和外界扰动,将非线性快速终端滑模引入误差反馈控制环节,并采用幂指数趋近律,设计出快速终端滑模-自抗扰控制律,提高系统的收敛速度和误差跟踪精度,减小系统的抖振;然后对野本船舶模型简化变形,构造降维方程,将航迹跟踪问题转化为航向镇定问题.Simulink仿真结果表明,控制器能够实现船舶对期望曲线航迹的快速、精确跟踪,具有良好控制效果.     

Severity of pedestrian injuries due to traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong: a Bayesian spatial logit model

The present study intended to (1) investigate the injury risk of pedestrian casualties involved in traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong; (2) determine the effect of pedestrian volumes on the severity levels of pedestrian injuries; and (3) explore the role of spatial correlation in econometric crash‐severity models. The data from 1889 pedestrian‐related crashes at 318 signalized intersections between 2008 and 2012 were elaborately collected from the Traffic Accident Database System maintained by the Hong Kong Transport Department. To account for the cross‐intersection heterogeneity, a Bayesian hierarchical logit model with uncorrelated and spatially correlated random effects was developed. An intrinsic conditional autoregressive prior was specified for the spatial correlation term. Results revealed that (1) signalized intersections with greater pedestrian volumes generally exhibited a lower injury risk; (2) ignoring the spatial correlation potentially results in reduced model goodness‐of‐fit, an underestimation of variability and standard error of parameter estimates, as well as inconsistent, biased, and erroneous inference; (3) special attention should be paid to the following factors, which led to a significantly higher probability of pedestrians being killed or sustaining severe injury: pedestrian age greater than 65 years, casualties with head injuries, crashes that occurred on footpaths that were not obstructed/overcrowded, heedless or inattentive crossing, crashes on the two‐way carriageway, and those that occurred near tram or light‐rail transit stops. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Connected variable speed limits control and car-following control with vehicle-infrastructure communication to resolve stop-and-go waves

The vision of intelligent vehicles traveling in road networks has prompted numerous concepts to control future traffic flow, one of which is the in-vehicle actuation of traffic control commands. The key of this concept is using intelligent vehicles as actuators for traffic control systems. Under this concept, we design and test a control system that connects a traffic controller with in-vehicle controllers via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The link-level traffic controller regulates traffic speeds through variable speed limits (VSL) gantries to resolve stop-and-go waves, while intelligent vehicles control accelerations through vehicle propulsion and brake systems to optimize their local situations. It is assumed that each intelligent vehicle receives VSL commands from the traffic controller and uses them as variable parameters for the local vehicle controller. Feasibility and effectiveness of the connected control paradigm are tested with simulation on a two-lane freeway stretch with intelligent vehicles randomly distributed among human-driven vehicles. Simulation shows that the connected VSL and vehicle control system improves traffic efficiency and sustainability; that is, total time spent in the network and average fuel consumption rate are reduced compared to (uncontrolled and controlled) scenarios with 100% human drivers and to uncontrolled scenarios with the same intelligent vehicle penetration rates.     

轴重与胎压对半刚性基层沥青路面动力响应影响理论研究

采用多目标参数评价方法,分析了车辆轴重和胎压对路面结构动力响应的影响,建立移动荷载下粘弹性层状体系动力学模型。结果发现,路面结构动力响应随着轴重和胎压的增加而增加,轴重和胎压对路面结构的动力响应具有耦合性。0.7 MPa胎压下,轴重达到250 kN时,面层底部弯拉应变和土基顶部竖向压应变均小于永久性路面结构设计指标,可作为校核指标;面层底部水平剪应变远大于层底弯拉应变,可作为半刚性基层沥青路面动态设计的主要设计指标。因此,提高面层与基层之间的粘结强度是提高半刚性基层沥青路面结构使用寿命的关键。     

移动地面条件下的微型车外流场数值模拟研究

为研究地面边界条件对汽车外流场数值模拟的影响,制定了两种方案对某微型车进行数值模拟计算,并对结果进行分析．研究表明：不同的地面边界条件对汽车的底部流场有很大的影响,而对上部流场影响不大;不同的地面边界条件对汽车的气动升力和前轮的升力影响很大,对气动阻力和后轮升力影响较小;在汽车的外流场数值模拟中,采用移动地面条件可以提高数值模拟的精度．     

汽车前部结构对行人碰撞伤害影响的仿真研究

以多刚体动力学分析方法,通过动力学仿真,对汽车与行人碰撞事故建模并进行模拟碰撞,得出行人数学模型的伤害指标.在模拟可靠性得到保证的基础上,通过对汽车前部的设计参数进行灵敏度分析,修改主要的设计参数,使汽车对行人保护的性能得到改进.通过模拟使用引擎盖升起机构后汽车与行人碰撞事故,得到的伤害指标与原始汽车模型对行人的伤害指标进行比较,发现引擎盖升起机构对行人可以起到有效的保护作用.     

北京奥运会羽毛球馆观众散场仿真方案对比

以北京2008年奥运会羽毛球赛事活动为例,应用行人仿真软件Legion对观众散场过程进行模拟,通过对仿真结果的分析,发现行人组织方案中存在的问题是观众散场过于集中、流线相互干扰、出口压力不均匀等.针对这些问题,提出相应的改善措施:削峰、设置引导员、消除流线干扰.通过仿真软件对改善方案进行校验,对比方案改善前后仿真结果显示:改善措施可以降低高峰持续时间,提高出口的服务水平,缓解高密度区域的拥挤现象,并能预防行人观众的步行安全隐患.