Control system design and performance evaluation of anti-pitching fins

We have investigated the usefulness of active stabilizing fins to reduce ship pitching under varying forward speeds, and in varying wave lengths. A 4-m self-propelled model ship and an electrohydraulically driven stabilizing fin system were used in our experiment. Pitch angles, pitch rates, and ship forward speeds were measured and fed back to a controller to calculate the deflection angle of the stabilizing fin. The effects of fin nonlinearity on achievable pitch reduction performance are discussed. It is shown that the desired pitch response can only be achieved when the fin is operated in the linear region. The overall dynamic response of the ship approaches open-loop behavior when the degree of nonlinearity is high. This simple analysis of the pitch stablizing system provides basic information to ship designers. Experimental results validate these design guidelines. Received for publication on Feb. 12, 1998; accepted on Dec. 8, 1999     

Much Ado about Nothing? - An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry

From 2012 on, all CO₂ emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design.     

Time-variant ultimate longitudinal strength of corroded bulk carriers

Many bulk carrier losses have been reported of late, and one of the possible causes of such casualties is thought to be the structural failure of aging hulls in rough weather. In aging ships, corrosion and fatigue cracks are the two most important factors affecting structural safety and integrity. This paper uses a set of the time-dependent corrosion wastage models for 23 different member locations/categories of bulk carriers previously developed by the authors, based on the available corrosion measurements for existing large bulk carrier structures. Differences due to the location and corrosion severity of every member type are taken into account. The nominal design corrosion values for the primary members are suggested based on the annualized corrosion rates obtained in the present study. The effect of time-variant corrosion wastage on the ultimate hull girder strength as well as the section moduli is studied. The criteria for repair and maintenance of heavily corroded structural members so as to keep the ultimate longitudinal strength at an acceptable level are discussed. Important insights and conclusions developed are summarized.     

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF NERVE ROOT STIMULATION METHOD IN CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY

Diagnosisofcervicalradiculopathygenerallyusesc0mputedtomography(CT),myelogram,magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)andelectromy0gram(EMG)examinati0n.However,c0nduc-tionvelocity0fperipheralnerveinEMGexaminationisusuallyn0rm0lt1i;denerva-rioninparaspinalortheappropriateupper.imbmusclesisastrongevidencefordiag-iosisofcervicalradiculopathy,butasre-ienerationoccursquiteearly,ab0ut5O%>fthepatientshaveals0normalEMG;tudies[2'33.Asconducti0nsl0w0rblockviaybetheonlyabnormalexpressi0ndur-.ngnerveimpairment…     

Trace metals in water, sediments and marine organisms from the northern part of the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were determined in water, sediments, gastropod (Bulla umpulla) and green algae (Ulva lactuca) collected from five stations in the western side of the northern part of the Gulf of Suez during the period February 1993–January 1994. Sediments recorded the highest concentrations of Cd (2.26–4.40 μg/g) and Pb (13.90–28.34 μg/g), While the highest concentrations of the essential metals Cu and Zn were found in B. umpulla (28.19–72.04 and 60.24–108.74 μg/g, respectively). Water and sediments showed similar spatial distribution patterns for the highest mean values of the different metals. Highest values of the studied metals were found at stations influenced by various pollution sources such as harbours, and sewage and industrial drains. In contrast, the lowest concentrations were observed faraway from any pollution source. Calculations of concentration factors (C.F.) for gastropod and algae showed highest C.F. of Cd (4312.5–8705.9) and Pb (2103.3–8317.9) in algae, and highest C.F. of Cu (5288.9–42376.5) and Zn (3686.7–9631.5) in gastropod.     

优化设计控制公路工程投资

通过对公路工程的优化设计与投资控制关系进行分析．提出如何通过优化设计来有效控制投资的办法。     

免维修模块电源工艺技术研究及应用

从生产应用角度,对模块电源工艺技术(电气装配、密封加固)的研究和应用做了详细的阐述。     

西安地区孕妇TORCH感染的血清学检测

自1994年3月～1996年3月，应用Elisa法，对1933例孕妇做了弓形体（TOX）、风疹病毒（RV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、单纯疤序病毒Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型（HSV1、HSV1）5种病原体血清特异性IgM、IgG抗体的检测。结果显示：孕妇血清中5种病原体特鼻性IgM抗体阳性率分别为3．41％、1．45％、5．54％、2．33％、1．86％；特异性IgG抗体阳性率分别为10.77％、88.50％、89.62％、82.09％、84.19％；孕妇TOX感染与其所在地区和职业有关；不同争期CMVIgM抗体阳性率有显著性差异；孕期CMV感染与异常妊娠可能有一定的关系。孕妇RV、HSV的易感因素有待进一步研究。孕妇TORCH感染的筛查对优生优育是非常有用的指标。     

试用系统功能观分析语篇体裁

语篇体裁理论对于学生做好阅读写作工作是一个有用的工具，因此在我们的教学工作中显得很重要，本篇论文从语篇体裁生成结构和语篇体裁的目的这两个方面入手，以系统功能理论为指导，对于语篇生成结构和语篇体裁，语篇目的和语篇体裁之间的关系进行了分析和论证。